Figure 4

Quantitation of immunolabelling for pKDR, fibrinogen, AQP4 and GFAP and patterns of AQP4 immunolabelling in post-mortem brainstem sections. A-B, F-G. Quantitation of low, medium and high levels of immunolabelling for pKDR (A), Fibrinogen (B), AQP4 (F), and GFAP (G). Comparisons are made between severe malaria patients with cerebral malaria (CM) and those that died from other severe complications of malarial disease (non-CM). Data are presented as box and whisker plots showing median, lower quartile, the upper quartile and outliers. C. Enhanced perivascular labelling for AQP4 around small vessels containing parasites. D. Perineuronal AQP4 labelling in a CM patient (black arrows) in an area without histological evidence of oedema. E. AQP4 labelled astrocyte (empty arrow) in an area showing vacuolar oedema (white arrows). Scale bar = 50 μm (C-E).