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Table 2 Factors associated with malaria infection (assessed by thick blood smear) during antenatal visits, unscheduled visits and at delivery

From: Malaria associated symptoms in pregnant women followed-up in Benin

  

Observed

Univariate analysis

Multivariate analysis after MICE**

  

Malaria infected n (%)

No malaria infected n(%)

p-value

Adjusted OR [95% CI]

p-value

Antenatal visits

      

Fever

No

374 (94.2)

3842 (97.0)

0.003 *

  
 

Yes

23 (5.8)

118 (3.0)

   

Headache

No

239 (71.1)

2907 (81.8)

< 0.001 *

1.9 [1.3-2.6]

< 0.001 *

 

Yes

97 (28.9)

648 (18.2)

   

Nausea

No

323 (96.1)

3444 (96.9)

0.438

  
 

Yes

13 (3.9)

110 (3.1)

   

IPT

0 dose

256 (64.5)

1434 (36.2)

< 0.001 *

0.6 [0.5-0.7]

< 0.001 *

 

1 dose

39 (9.8)

840 (21.2)

   
 

2 doses

102 (25.7)

1685 (42.6)

   

Rainy season

No

207 (52.1)

2150 (54.3)

0.412

  
 

Yes

190 (47.9)

1810 (45.7)

   

Bed net use

No

221 (55.7)

1450 (36.6)

< 0.001 *

1.4 [1.1-1.8]

0.003 *

 

Yes

176 (44.3)

2510 (63.4)

   

Unscheduled visits

      

Fever

No

66 (50.8)

616 (88.5)

< 0.001 *

5.2 [3.2-8.1]

< 0.001 *

 

Yes

64 (49.2)

80 (11.5)

   

Headache

No

24 (18.5)

352 (50.7)

< 0.001 *

2.1 [1.3-3.6]

0.004 *

 

Yes

106 (81.5)

342 (49.3)

   

Nausea

No

109 (83.9)

605 (87.1)

0.326

  
 

Yes

21 (16.1)

90 (12.9)

   

Feverishness in the last 48 hrs

No

54 (41.5)

498 (72.6)

< 0.001 *

  
 

Yes

76 (58.5)

188 (27.4)

   

Shivering

No

59 (45.4)

567 (81.6)

< 0.001 *

3.11 [2.0-4.9]

< 0.001 *

 

Yes

71 (54.6)

128 (18.4)

   

IPT

0 dose

33 (25.4)

140 (20.1)

0.058

  
 

1 dose

15 (11.5)

138 (19.8)

   
 

2 doses

82 (63.1)

418 (60.1)

   

Rainy season

No

70 (53.9)

414 (59.5)

0.231

  
 

Yes

60 (46.1)

282 (40.5)

   

Bed net use

No

33 (25.4)

193 (27.7)

0.582

  
 

Yes

97 (74.6)

503 (72.3)

   

Delivery

      

Primigravidae

No

54 (76.1)

537 (84.3)

0.076

  
 

Yes

17 (23.9)

100 (15.7)

   

Age under 25

No

38 (53.5)

384 (61.4)

0.196

  
 

Yes

33 (46.5)

241 (38.6)

   

Fever

No

59 (83.1)

601 (94.4)

< 0.001 *

3.6 [1.7-7.7]

0.001 *

 

Yes

12 (16.9)

36 (5.7)

   

Headache

No

63 (92.7)

610 (98.2)

0.004 *

3.6 [1.1-11.6]

0.029 *

 

Yes

5 (7.3)

11 (1.8)

   

Nausea

No

66 (97.1)

609 (98.1)

0.576

  
 

Yes

2 (2.9)

12 (1.9)

   

Rainy season

No

38 (53.5)

360 (56.5)

0.630

  
 

Yes

33 (46.5)

277 (43.5)

   

Bednet use

No

13 (18.3)

113 (17.7)

0.905

  
 

Yes

58 (81.7)

524 (82.3)

   
  1. * Statistically significant results (p < 0.05)
  2. ** adjusted on women's characteristics (parity and age)