From: Malaria resurgence: a systematic review and assessment of its causes
 |  |  | Weakening of control activities | Technical problems | Increasing malaria potential | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Place | Start | End | Funding or resource constraints | War, disaster, or strife | Purposeful cessation | Administrative problems, complacency, or poor execution | Community non-cooperation | Unknown or unspecified | Vector resistance | Drug resistance | Human or mosquito movement | Development/ industry changes | Socioeconomic weakening | Climate/ weather | War, disaster, or strife |
Europe and Middle East | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | |||
Spain | 1936 | 1943 | Â | [47] | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | [47] | [47] | [47] | Â | [47] |
Italy | 1941 | 1945 | Â | [5] | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | [5] |
Russia | 1960 | ? | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | [52] | Â | [52] | [52] | Â | Â | Â |
Azerbaijan | 1969 | 1981 | Â | Â | Â | [89] | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Afghanistan | 1970 | 1987 | Â | Â | [26] | Â | Â | [26] | Â | [26] | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
Turkey | 1973 | 1977 | [74] | Â | Â | [74] | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Tajikistan | 1990 | 1997 | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
Azerbaijan | 1990 | 1996 | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | ||||
Turkey | 1990 | 1994 | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | [91] | [91] | Â | Â | Â |
Iran | 1991 | 1999 | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | [92] | [92] | [92] | Â | [92] |
Armenia | 1994 | 1998 | [93] | [94] | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | [94] | Â | [93] |
Africa | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Liberia (Monrovia) | 1948 | 1951 | [22]* | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | [22]* | [22]* | Â | Â | Â |
Kenya (highlands) | 1956 | 1961 | [19]* | Â | Â | [19]* | [19]* | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Kenya (Pare-Taveta) | 1959 | 1962 | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
Cameroon (Yaounde) | 1960 | 1963 | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | [34] | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
Liberia | 1961 | ? | [22]* | Â | [22]* | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Zanzibar | 1967 | 1983 | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
Swaziland | 1971 | 1996 | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | [53]* | Â | [21] | Â | |||
Zambia | 1976 | 2000 | [98] | Â | Â | Â | Â | [99] | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Nigeria (Garki) | 1974 | 1975 | Â | Â | [35]* | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
São Tomé and PrÃncipe | 1973 | 1976 |  | [100] |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mauritius | 1975 | 1982 | Â | Â | Â | [27] | Â | Â | Â | Â | [27] | [27] | Â | [27] | Â |
Madagascar (highlands) | 1976 | 1988 | [40] | Â | [40] | [40] | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Kenya (Kisumu) | 1977 | ? | [42] | Â | Â | Â | [42] | [101] | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Ethiopia (Debre Zeit) | 1980 | 1991 | [25]* | Â | [25]* | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | [25]* | Â | Â | [25]* | Â |
Mayotte | 1981 | 1984 | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | [102] | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | [102] | Â |
Sudan (Khartoum) | 1981 | 1993 | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | [51] | Â | [103] | Â | Â | [104] | [104] | |
São Tomé and PrÃncipe | 1985 | 2003 | [43] |  |  | [43] |  | [43] |  |  |  |  |  |  | |
Zanzibar | 1989 | 1997 | [23]* | Â | Â | [23]* | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Kenya (highlands) | 1990 | 1998 | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | [105] | Â | [55]* | Â | |
Sudan (Gezira) | 1990 | 1994 | [5] | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Uganda (highlands) | 1990 | 1994 | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | [106] | [106] | Â | Â | Â |
Zimbabwe | 1995 | 2007 | [107] | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | [108] | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
South Africa | 1995 | 2000 | Â | Â | [97] | Â | Â | Â | [97] | Â | [109] | Â | Â | Â | |
Asia | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
China | 1960 | 1970 | Â | [31] | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | [31] | Â |
Sri Lanka | 1964 | 1969 | [26] | Â | [26] | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | [26] | Â | Â | Â | |
India | 1965 | 1976 | Â | [18] | Â | [111] | Â | [18] | Â | Â | Â | ||||
Pakistan | 1967 | 1972 | [26] | Â | Â | [26] | Â | Â | [81] | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Myanmar | 1968 | 2008 | [20] | Â | Â | [20] | Â | Â | [20] | [20] | [20] | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Thailand | 1970 | 1981 | [20] | Â | Â | [20] | [20] | Â | [20] | [20] | [20] | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Nepal | 1971 | 1986 | [20] | Â | Â | [20] | Â | [20] | Â | Â | [20] | [20] | Â | Â | Â |
Bangladesh | 1971 | 1994 | [20] | Â | Â | Â | [20] | [20] | [48]* | [48]* | Â | [48]* | |||
Bhutan | 1972 | 1994 | Â | Â | [20] | [20] | Â | Â | Â | Â | [20] | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Vietnam | 1979 | 1991 | [49]* | Â | Â | [49]* | Â | Â | Â | [49] | [49] | Â | Â | [49] | Â |
Pakistan | 1980 | 1992 | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | [64]* | [114]* | [114] | Â | [58]* | [114]* |
Sri Lanka | 1982 | 1987 | Â | Â | Â | [50] | Â | Â | Â | [50] | [50] | [50] | Â | [50] | Â |
India (Bombay) | 1992 | 1997 | Â | Â | Â | [115] | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | [116] | Â | Â | Â |
Republic of Korea | 1993 | 2000 | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | [46]* | Â | Â | Â | Â |
China (Central) | 1995 | 2000 | [117] | Â | [118] | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Americas | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Nicaragua | 1960 | 1968 | [26] | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | [26] | Â | [119] | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Paraguay | 1961 | 1967 | [120] | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Bolivia | 1965 | 1979 | Â | Â | [122] | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
Belize | 1971 | 1983 | [123] | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
Brazil | 1974 | 1992 | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | [44] | Â | Â | Â | ||
French Guiana | 1975 | 1990 | Â | Â | Â | [54] | Â | Â | [54] | Â | Â | Â | |||
Haiti | 1976 | 1982 | [123] | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Guatemala | 1976 | 1998 | Â | [123] | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
Colombia | 1976 | 1998 | Â | [126] | Â | [75] | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Dominican Republic | 1978 | 1982 | [123] | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | [123] | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Mexico | 1979 | 1985 | Â | [128] | [127] | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
Ecuador | 1980 | 1990 | [123] | Â | [75]* | [127] | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Peru | 1981 | 1998 | Â | Â | [75] | Â | Â | Â | Â | [129] | [129] | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Guyana | 1983 | 1991 | Â | Â | [75] | [130] | Â | Â | Â | Â | [130] | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Nicaragua | 1983 | 1996 | [131] | Â | [131]* | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | [131] | Â | Â | [131] | |
Costa Rica | 1990 | 1998 | [54] | Â | [54] | [54] | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | ||
Belize | 1991 | 1994 | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
Suriname | 1992 | 2001 | Â | [134] | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | [134] | Â | Â | Â |
Ecuador | 1996 | 2002 | [135] | [135] | Â | [135] | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | [135] | Â |
Panama | 2001 | 2004 | Â | Â | Â | [136] | Â | [137] | Â | Â | [137] | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Pacific | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Indonesia | 1963 | 1973 | [26] | [26] | Â | Â | Â | Â | [26] | [26] | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Malaysia (Sabah) | 1967 | 1978 | Â | Â | Â | [26] | [26] | Â | [26] | [26] | [26] | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Solomon Islands | 1976 | 1992 | Â | Â | Â | [26] | Â | [26] | Â | [26] | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
Papua New Guinea | 1980 | 1990 | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | [139] | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Indonesia | 1997 | 2000 | Â | Â | [140]* | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
Vanuatu | 1999 | 2003 | [142] | Â | Â | [142] | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |