|
Characteristics
|
1996-2000
|
2002-2008
|
2008-2009
|
P valuea
|
|---|
| |
n = 180 (%)
|
n = 176 (%)
|
n = 133 (%)
| |
|---|
|
Use of SP in pregnancyb
|
|
Yes
| | | | |
|
No
|
17 (9.4)
|
90 (53.6)
|
90 (67.7)
|
<0.001
|
| |
163 (90.6)
|
78 (46.4)
|
43 (32.3)
| |
|
Septrin/Cotrimoxazole use
|
|
Yes
|
-
|
-
|
32 (23.1)
|
-
|
|
No
|
-
|
-
|
101 (75.9)
| |
|
Mother’s age
|
|
Mean ± SD (years)
|
20.4 ± 4.1
|
21.1 ± 4.5
|
22.3 ± 5.3
|
0.002
|
|
Gravidity
|
|
Primigravid
|
104 (57.8)
|
90 (51.1)
|
72 (54.1)
| |
|
Secundigravid
|
40 (22.2)
|
41 (23.3)
|
25 (18.8)
|
0.50
|
|
Multigravid
|
36 (20.0)
|
45 (25.6)
|
36 (27.1)
| |
|
Placental malaria (parasites/μl)
|
|
Geometric mean
|
1688.3*
|
2212.8
|
3006.5*
|
0.10
|
|
(95 % CI)
|
(1220.01 to 2336.2)
|
(1558.2 to 3142.4)
|
(1946 to 4644.7)
| |
|
Peripheral malaria (parasites/μl)
|
|
Geometric mean
|
713.1
|
884.3
|
683.7
|
0.56
|
|
(95 % CI)
|
(534.4 to 951.5)
|
(597.7 to 1308.2)
|
(463.9 to 1007.7)
| |
|
Maternal anaemia at deliveryc
|
|
<11 g/dl
|
99 (55.9)
|
63 (55.3)
|
90 (67.7)
|
0.030
|
|
>11 g/dl
|
78 (44.1)
|
51 (44.7)
|
43 (32.3)
| |
|
HIV status
|
|
HIV-
|
96 (53.3)
|
120 (68.2)
|
95 (70.9)
|
0.002
|
|
HIV+
|
84 (46.7)
|
56 (31.8)
|
38 (29.1)
| |
|
50
|
|
C (TGT)
|
180 (100)
|
176 (100)
|
132 (100)
|
N/A
|
|
R (C GT)
|
0 (0)
|
0 (0)
|
0 (0)
| |
|
51
|
|
N (AAT)
|
38 (21.1)
|
3 (1.7)
|
3 (2.3)
|
<0.001
|
|
I (AT T)
|
142 (78.9)
|
173 (98.3)
|
130 (97.7)
| |
|
59
|
|
C (TGT)
|
87 (48.3)
|
26 (14.8)
|
13 (9.8)
|
<0.001
|
|
R (C GT)
|
93 (51.7)
|
150 (85.2)
|
120 (90.2)
| |
|
108
|
|
S (AGC)
|
4 (2.2)
|
0 (0)
|
0 (0)
|
0.031
|
|
N (AA C)
|
176 (97.8)
|
176 (100)
|
133 (100)
| |
|
164
|
|
I (ATA)
|
180 (100)
|
175 (99.4)
|
131 (99.2)
|
0.54
|
|
L (T TA)
|
0 (0)
|
1 (0.6)
|
1 (0.8)
| |
|
436&
|
|
S (TCT)
|
159 (88.3)
|
171 (97.2)
|
124 (93.9)
|
0.004
|
|
A/F/H (G CT/TT T/CA T)
|
21 (11.7)
|
5 (2.8)
|
8 (6.1)
| |
|
437
|
|
A (GCT)
|
103 (57.2)
|
4 (2.3)
|
0 (0)
|
<0.001
|
|
G (GG T)
|
77 (42.8)
|
172 (97.7)
|
133 (100)
| |
|
540
|
|
K (AAA)
|
124 (68.9)
|
6 (3.4)
|
1 (0.8)
|
<0.001
|
|
E (G AA)
|
56 (31.1)
|
170 (96.6)
|
132 (99.2)
| |
|
581
|
|
A (GCG)
|
180 (100)
|
176 (100)
|
124 (94.7)
|
<0.001
|
|
G (GG G)
|
0 (0)
|
0 (0)
|
7 (5.3)
| |
|
613
|
|
A (GCC)
|
178 (100)
|
176 (100)
|
133 (100)
|
N/A
|
|
T/S (A CC/T CC)
|
0 (0)
|
0 (0)
|
0 (0)
| |
- Note: Data are proportion (%) of Plasmodium falciparum smear-positive samples unless otherwise indicated. Mutated amino acids and genetic codes are depicted in bold font.
- n = number of samples. CI = confidence interval. SD = Standard deviation. N/A = not applicable.
- a P values based on Pearson chi-square test or exact chi-square for categorical variables and ANOVA for comparison of the mean of continuous variables.
- b For 1996–2000 and 2002–2008 (n = 168) studies, only history of SP use (case management or any dose of IPTp-SP) in pregnancy was documented while IPTp use was recorded for 2008–2009.
- c For 1996–2000 (n = 177), 2002–2008 (n = 114).
- *Placental parasite density comparison between 1996–2000 and 2008–2009 (P = 0.034).
- &S436H, the new mutation at codon 436, was detected at 2.3 % in 2002–2008 and 3.8 % in 2008–2009.
