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Table 1 Characteristics of pregnant women who were Plasmodium falciparum positive by study period

From: Temporal trends of sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) drug-resistance molecular markers in Plasmodium falciparum parasites from pregnant women in western Kenya

Characteristics

1996-2000

2002-2008

2008-2009

P valuea

 

n = 180 (%)

n = 176 (%)

n = 133 (%)

 

Use of SP in pregnancyb

 Yes

    

 No

17 (9.4)

90 (53.6)

90 (67.7)

<0.001

 

163 (90.6)

78 (46.4)

43 (32.3)

 

Septrin/Cotrimoxazole use

 Yes

-

-

32 (23.1)

-

 No

-

-

101 (75.9)

 

Mother’s age

 Mean ± SD (years)

20.4 ± 4.1

21.1 ± 4.5

22.3 ± 5.3

0.002

Gravidity

 Primigravid

104 (57.8)

90 (51.1)

72 (54.1)

 

 Secundigravid

40 (22.2)

41 (23.3)

25 (18.8)

0.50

 Multigravid

36 (20.0)

45 (25.6)

36 (27.1)

 

Placental malaria (parasites/μl)

 Geometric mean

1688.3*

2212.8

3006.5*

0.10

 (95 % CI)

(1220.01 to 2336.2)

(1558.2 to 3142.4)

(1946 to 4644.7)

 

Peripheral malaria (parasites/μl)

 Geometric mean

713.1

884.3

683.7

0.56

 (95 % CI)

(534.4 to 951.5)

(597.7 to 1308.2)

(463.9 to 1007.7)

 

Maternal anaemia at deliveryc

 <11 g/dl

99 (55.9)

63 (55.3)

90 (67.7)

0.030

 >11 g/dl

78 (44.1)

51 (44.7)

43 (32.3)

 

HIV status

 HIV-

96 (53.3)

120 (68.2)

95 (70.9)

0.002

 HIV+

84 (46.7)

56 (31.8)

38 (29.1)

 

50

 C (TGT)

180 (100)

176 (100)

132 (100)

N/A

 R (C GT)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

 

51

 N (AAT)

38 (21.1)

3 (1.7)

3 (2.3)

<0.001

 I (AT T)

142 (78.9)

173 (98.3)

130 (97.7)

 

59

 C (TGT)

87 (48.3)

26 (14.8)

13 (9.8)

<0.001

 R (C GT)

93 (51.7)

150 (85.2)

120 (90.2)

 

108

 S (AGC)

4 (2.2)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0.031

 N (AA C)

176 (97.8)

176 (100)

133 (100)

 

164

 I (ATA)

180 (100)

175 (99.4)

131 (99.2)

0.54

 L (T TA)

0 (0)

1 (0.6)

1 (0.8)

 

436&

 S (TCT)

159 (88.3)

171 (97.2)

124 (93.9)

0.004

 A/F/H (G CT/TT T/CA T)

21 (11.7)

5 (2.8)

8 (6.1)

 

437

 A (GCT)

103 (57.2)

4 (2.3)

0 (0)

<0.001

 G (GG T)

77 (42.8)

172 (97.7)

133 (100)

 

540

 K (AAA)

124 (68.9)

6 (3.4)

1 (0.8)

<0.001

 E (G AA)

56 (31.1)

170 (96.6)

132 (99.2)

 

581

 A (GCG)

180 (100)

176 (100)

124 (94.7)

<0.001

 G (GG G)

0 (0)

0 (0)

7 (5.3)

 

613

 A (GCC)

178 (100)

176 (100)

133 (100)

N/A

 T/S (A CC/T CC)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

 
  1. Note: Data are proportion (%) of Plasmodium falciparum smear-positive samples unless otherwise indicated. Mutated amino acids and genetic codes are depicted in bold font.
  2. n = number of samples. CI = confidence interval. SD = Standard deviation. N/A = not applicable.
  3. a P values based on Pearson chi-square test or exact chi-square for categorical variables and ANOVA for comparison of the mean of continuous variables.
  4. b For 1996–2000 and 2002–2008 (n = 168) studies, only history of SP use (case management or any dose of IPTp-SP) in pregnancy was documented while IPTp use was recorded for 2008–2009.
  5. c For 1996–2000 (n = 177), 2002–2008 (n = 114).
  6. *Placental parasite density comparison between 1996–2000 and 2008–2009 (P = 0.034).
  7. &S436H, the new mutation at codon 436, was detected at 2.3 % in 2002–2008 and 3.8 % in 2008–2009.