Study region | Study [reference] | Year samples collected | Number of samples analysed | Marker | Proportion infections with multiple clones (%) | Mean MOI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Asia | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Thailand | Imwong et al. 2007 [27] | 1992-1993 | 92 | Microsatellites | 30 - > 60 | 1.4 |
 | Imwong et al. 2005 [30] | 1995-1998 | 100 | CSP + MSP1 | 26 | 1.29 |
 |  |  |  | MSP3α | 19.3 |  |
 |  |  |  | CSP + MSP3α | 35.6 |  |
Laos | Imwong et al 2007 [27] | 2001-2003 | 81 | Microsatellites | 30 - > 60 | 1.5 |
Vietnam | Van den Eede et al. 2010 [33] | 1999-2000 | 69 | Microsatellites | 100 | 3.7 |
India | Prajapati et al. 2006 [34] | 2000-2004 | 252 | GAM-1 | 13.09 | N/S |
 | Imwong et al. 2007 [27] | 2003-2004 | 90 | Microsatellites | 10-40 | 1.2 |
 | Kim et al. 2006 [35] | 2003-2004 | 151 | CSP, MSP1, MSP3α | 10.6 | N/S |
Sri Lanka | Wickramara-chchi et al. 2010 [36] | 1998-2000 | 201 | MSP3α | 13.8-20 | N/S |
 | Karunaweera et al. 2008 [26] | 2005 | 50 | Microsatellites | 9.1-60 | N/S |
 | Gunawardena et al. 2010 [37] | 2003-2008 | 140 | Microsatellites | 55 | N/S |
 |  |  |  | MSP3α | 6 | N/S |
Pakistan | Khatoon et al. 2010 [38] | [2007] | 50 | MSP3β | 12 |  |
 |  |  |  | MSP3α + MSP3β | 2 | N/S |
 | Zakeri et al. 2010 [39] | 2008 | 187 | CSP, MSP-1, MSP3α | 30 |  |
China | Â | 2004 | 54: Anhui Province | Â | 5.6 | N/S |
 | Yang et al. 2006 | 2005 | 31: Guizhou Province | MSP3β | 0 |  |
 |  | 2004 | 14: Guangxi Province |  | 0 |  |
 | Zhong et al. 2011 [41] | 2006-2008 | 140 | MSP3α | 7.6-14.3 | N/S |
 |  |  |  | MSP3β | 14.3-15 |  |
Myanmar | Kim et al. 2010 [42] | 2000 | 96 | CSP | 24.5 | N/S |
 |  |  |  | CSP | 24.1 | N/S |
 | Moon et al. 2009 [43] | 2004 | 349 |  | MSP1 | 16.4 |
 |  |  |  | MSP3α | 21.6 |  |
 | Zhong et a.l 2011 [41] | 2006-2008 | 72 | MSP3α | 10.2 | N/S |
 |  |  |  | MSP3β | 16.4 |  |
 | Gunawardena et al. 2010 [37] | 2007 | 167 | Microsatellites | 67.1 | N/S |
East Timor | Chen et al. 2007 [44] | 2001 | 17 | CSP, MSP-1, AMA-1 | 35 | N/S |
Middle East | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Iran | Zakeri et al. 2003 [45] | 2000-2001 | 107 | MSP-1 | 20 | N/S |
 | Zakeri et al. 2006 [46] | 2000-2003 | 374 | CSP | 12 | N/S |
 | Zakeri et al. 2006 [47] | 2000-2003 | 144 | MSP3α | 3.5 | N/S |
 | Zakeri et al. 2010 [39] | 2008 | 150 | CSP, MSP-1, MSP3α | 24.6 | N/S |
Uzbekistan | Severini et al. 2004 [48] | 1999-2002 | 12 indigenous cases | MSP-1 | 8 | N/S |
 |  |  | 10 imported cases |  | 10 |  |
Afghanistan | Â | Â | Â | CSP | 6.4 | Â |
 | Zakeri et al. 2010 [49] | 2007 | 202 | MSP-1 | 0 | N/S |
 |  |  |  | MSP3α | 3.5 |  |
Turkey | Zeyrek et al. 2010 [50] | 2007-2008 | 31 | MSP-1 | 3.2 | N/S |
Africa | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | N/S |
Ethiopia | Gunawardena et al. 2010 [37] | 2006-2008 | 118 | Microsatellites | 73.70 | N/S |
South & Central America | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
Mexico | Joy et al. 2008 [20] | 1997-2005 | 234 | Microsatellites | 15.8 | 1.01 |
Peru | Sutton et al. 2009 [51] | 2003-2004 | 186 | MSP3α | 26.3 | 2-3a |
 | Van den Eede et al. 2010 [28] | 2006-2008 | 159 | Microsatellites | 11-70 | 1.1 |
Brazil | Ferreira et al. 2007 [2] | 1999 | 74 | Microsatellites | 48 (1999) | N/S |
 |  | 2004-2005 |  |  | 49 (2004-5) |  |
 | Rezende et al. 2009 [52] | 2003-2005 | 44 | Tandem repeats | 0-66 | N/S |
 | Rezende et al. 2010 [53] | 2003-2005 | 53 | Microsatellites | 32-57 | N/S |
 | Storti- Melo et al. 2009 [54] | 2003-2005 | 155 | CSP | 0-39.3 | N/S |
 | Orjuela-Sanchez et al. 2009 [55] | 2005-2007 | 77 | Microsatellites | 10.1-42.4 | N/S |
French Guiana | Â | Â | Â | MSP-1 (57 samples) | 12.3 | N/S |
 | Veron et al. 2009 [56] | 2005-2006 | 109 | MSP3α (109 samples) | 13.8 |  |
 |  |  |  | MSP-1 + MSP3α (57 samples) | 21 |  |
Guyana | Bonilla et al. 2006 [57] | 2000 | 61 | CSP | 39.3 | N/S |
Colombia | Imwong et al. 2007 [27] | 2001-2003 | 82 | Microsatellites | 10-40 | 1.1 |
 | Cristiano et al. 2008 [58] | 2006 | 55 | MSP3α | 36.4 | N/S |
Venezuela | Ord et al. 2005 [59] | 1995-1997 | 58 | MSP3α | 10 | N/S |
 | Leclerc et al. 2005 [60] | Not stated | 39 | MSP-1 | 0 | N/A |
Oceania | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Papua New Guinea | Henry-Halldin et al. 2011 [61] | 2001-2003 | 703: Wosera region | CSP | 36.8 | N/S |
 |  |  | 986: Mugil region |  | 34.4 |  |
 | Mueller et al. 2002 [62] | 2002 | 11 | MSP3α | 18 | N/S |
 | Koepfli et al. 2009 [63] | 2004-2005 | 108 | Microsatellites | 81.4 | 1-8 |
 | Gomez et al. 2003 [64] | Not stated | 89 | pvMS1 | 4.5 | N/S |