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Table 1 Global detection of multiple clone infections using molecular markers in Plasmodium viva x populations

From: Understanding the population genetics of Plasmodium vivax is essential for malaria control and elimination

Study region

Study [reference]

Year samples collected

Number of samples analysed

Marker

Proportion infections with multiple clones (%)

Mean MOI

Asia

      

Thailand

Imwong et al. 2007 [27]

1992-1993

92

Microsatellites

30 - > 60

1.4

 

Imwong et al. 2005 [30]

1995-1998

100

CSP + MSP1

26

1.29

    

MSP3α

19.3

 
    

CSP + MSP3α

35.6

 

Laos

Imwong et al 2007 [27]

2001-2003

81

Microsatellites

30 - > 60

1.5

Vietnam

Van den Eede et al. 2010 [33]

1999-2000

69

Microsatellites

100

3.7

India

Prajapati et al. 2006 [34]

2000-2004

252

GAM-1

13.09

N/S

 

Imwong et al. 2007 [27]

2003-2004

90

Microsatellites

10-40

1.2

 

Kim et al. 2006 [35]

2003-2004

151

CSP, MSP1, MSP3α

10.6

N/S

Sri Lanka

Wickramara-chchi et al. 2010 [36]

1998-2000

201

MSP3α

13.8-20

N/S

 

Karunaweera et al. 2008 [26]

2005

50

Microsatellites

9.1-60

N/S

 

Gunawardena et al. 2010 [37]

2003-2008

140

Microsatellites

55

N/S

    

MSP3α

6

N/S

Pakistan

Khatoon et al. 2010 [38]

[2007]

50

MSP3β

12

 
    

MSP3α + MSP3β

2

N/S

 

Zakeri et al. 2010 [39]

2008

187

CSP, MSP-1, MSP3α

30

 

China

 

2004

54: Anhui Province

 

5.6

N/S

 

Yang et al. 2006

2005

31: Guizhou Province

MSP3β

0

 
  

2004

14: Guangxi Province

 

0

 
 

Zhong et al. 2011 [41]

2006-2008

140

MSP3α

7.6-14.3

N/S

    

MSP3β

14.3-15

 

Myanmar

Kim et al. 2010 [42]

2000

96

CSP

24.5

N/S

    

CSP

24.1

N/S

 

Moon et al. 2009 [43]

2004

349

 

MSP1

16.4

    

MSP3α

21.6

 
 

Zhong et a.l 2011 [41]

2006-2008

72

MSP3α

10.2

N/S

    

MSP3β

16.4

 
 

Gunawardena et al. 2010 [37]

2007

167

Microsatellites

67.1

N/S

East Timor

Chen et al. 2007 [44]

2001

17

CSP, MSP-1, AMA-1

35

N/S

Middle East

      

Iran

Zakeri et al. 2003 [45]

2000-2001

107

MSP-1

20

N/S

 

Zakeri et al. 2006 [46]

2000-2003

374

CSP

12

N/S

 

Zakeri et al. 2006 [47]

2000-2003

144

MSP3α

3.5

N/S

 

Zakeri et al. 2010 [39]

2008

150

CSP, MSP-1, MSP3α

24.6

N/S

Uzbekistan

Severini et al. 2004 [48]

1999-2002

12 indigenous cases

MSP-1

8

N/S

   

10 imported cases

 

10

 

Afghanistan

   

CSP

6.4

 
 

Zakeri et al. 2010 [49]

2007

202

MSP-1

0

N/S

    

MSP3α

3.5

 

Turkey

Zeyrek et al. 2010 [50]

2007-2008

31

MSP-1

3.2

N/S

Africa

     

N/S

Ethiopia

Gunawardena et al. 2010 [37]

2006-2008

118

Microsatellites

73.70

N/S

South & Central America

     

Mexico

Joy et al. 2008 [20]

1997-2005

234

Microsatellites

15.8

1.01

Peru

Sutton et al. 2009 [51]

2003-2004

186

MSP3α

26.3

2-3a

 

Van den Eede et al. 2010 [28]

2006-2008

159

Microsatellites

11-70

1.1

Brazil

Ferreira et al. 2007 [2]

1999

74

Microsatellites

48 (1999)

N/S

  

2004-2005

  

49 (2004-5)

 
 

Rezende et al. 2009 [52]

2003-2005

44

Tandem repeats

0-66

N/S

 

Rezende et al. 2010 [53]

2003-2005

53

Microsatellites

32-57

N/S

 

Storti- Melo et al. 2009 [54]

2003-2005

155

CSP

0-39.3

N/S

 

Orjuela-Sanchez et al. 2009 [55]

2005-2007

77

Microsatellites

10.1-42.4

N/S

French Guiana

   

MSP-1 (57 samples)

12.3

N/S

 

Veron et al. 2009 [56]

2005-2006

109

MSP3α (109 samples)

13.8

 
    

MSP-1 + MSP3α (57 samples)

21

 

Guyana

Bonilla et al. 2006 [57]

2000

61

CSP

39.3

N/S

Colombia

Imwong et al. 2007 [27]

2001-2003

82

Microsatellites

10-40

1.1

 

Cristiano et al. 2008 [58]

2006

55

MSP3α

36.4

N/S

Venezuela

Ord et al. 2005 [59]

1995-1997

58

MSP3α

10

N/S

 

Leclerc et al. 2005 [60]

Not stated

39

MSP-1

0

N/A

Oceania

      

Papua New Guinea

Henry-Halldin et al. 2011 [61]

2001-2003

703: Wosera region

CSP

36.8

N/S

   

986: Mugil region

 

34.4

 
 

Mueller et al. 2002 [62]

2002

11

MSP3α

18

N/S

 

Koepfli et al. 2009 [63]

2004-2005

108

Microsatellites

81.4

1-8

 

Gomez et al. 2003 [64]

Not stated

89

pvMS1

4.5

N/S

  1. aMean MOI was not reported, shown is the observed COI range
  2. N/S: Mean MOI was not reported; N/A: none of the samples tested were polyclonal