Figure 4

Long-term memory retention in Anopheles gambiae females previously conditioned to associate visual cues with non-salted or salted blood. The mean proportion (± 95%CIs) of females probing and feeding on the preferred feeder associated with the positive reinforcement (non-salted blood) is shown at the beginning of the training experiment (white circles) when the stimulus is still unpaired, and at the beginning of the re-testing session. Independent experiments tested memory retention after 24 h, 72 h, and 96 h (see test for details). Significance levels are P < 0.05 *, P < 0.005 **, P < 0.001 ***, P > 0.05 ns.