| ANC | DU | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | |||
Potential factors | Peripheral parasitaemia prevalence | Odds ratio (95% CI) | Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI) | Peripheral parasitaemia prevalence | Odds ratio (95% CI) | Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI) |
District (malaria transmission) | ||||||
Stable (Bastar district) | 34/1198 (2.8%) | 43.7 (6.0-319.9) | 43.4 (5.6-335.2) | 18/474 (3.8%) | 1.2 (0.6-2.4) | - |
Unstable (Rajnandgoan district) | 1/1498 (0.1%) | 16/502 (3.2%) | ||||
Age (years) | ||||||
< 20 | 5/242 (2.1%) | 1.7 (0.7-4.4) | - | 2/65 (3.1%) | 0.9 (0.2-3.8) | - |
≥ 20 | 30/2454 (1.2%) | 31/909 (3.4%) | ||||
Gravidity | ||||||
Primi-/secundigravid | 26/2056 (1.3%) | 0.9 (0.4-1.9) | - | 28/768 (3.7%) | 1.5 (0.6-4.0) | - |
Multigravid | 9/640 (1.4%) | 5/206 (2.4%) | ||||
Moderate anemia (< 9 g/dL) | ||||||
Yes | 22/432 (5.1%) | 9.3 (4.6-18.6) | 3.7 (1.8 – 7.7) | 11/145 (7.6%) | 3.0 (1.4-6.3) | 2.5 (1.1-5.4) |
No | 13/2261 (0.6%) | 22/828 (2.7%) | ||||
Fever | ||||||
Within past week | 23/239 (9.6%) | 21.7 (10.6-44.2) | 3.2 (1.2 – 8.6) | 8/50 (16.0%) | 6.8 (2.9-16.1) | 5.8 (2.4-13.9) |
No fever in past week | 12/2457 (0.5%) | 25/923 (2.7%) | ||||
Bednet use last night | ||||||
Yes | 4/742 (0.5%) | 0.9 (0.2-5.1) | - | 5/203 (2.5%) | 0.7 (0.3-1.8) | - |
No | 2/345 (0.6%) | 28/771 (3.6%) | ||||
Indoor residual spraying | ||||||
Yes (ever) | 8/697 (1.2%) | 0.8 (0.4-1.9) | - | 4/261 (1.5%) | 0.4 (0.1-1.1) | - |
No (never) | 27/1999 (1.4%) | 29/712 (4.1%) | ||||
Education | ||||||
No formal schooling | 25/571 (4.4%) | 7.8 (3.7-16.3) | 4.6 (2.0 – 10.7) | 13/265 (4.9%) | 1.8 (0.9-3.6) | - |
At least some schooling | 10/1711 (0.6%) | 20/709 (2.8%) | ||||
Caste | ||||||
Tribal caste | 15/602 (2.5%) | 2.6 (1.3-5.2) | 0.7 (0.3 -1.6) | 10/282 (3.6%) | 1.1 (0.5-2.3) | - |
Other caste | 20/2091 (1.0%) | 23/690 (3.3%) | ||||
Home ownership | ||||||
Yes | 35/2348 (1.5%) | - | Â | 29/873 (3.3%) | 0.8 (0.3-2.4) | - |
No | 0/348 (0%) | 4/101 (4.0%) | ||||
Wall material | ||||||
Mud | 35/1942 (1.8%) | - | Â | 25/743 (3.4%) | 1.0 (0.4-2.2) | - |
No mud | 0/754 (0%) | 8/231 (3.5%) | ||||
Primary cooking fuel | ||||||
Biomass | 35/2134 (1.6%) | - | Â | 26/792 (3.3%) | 0.8 (0.4-2.0) | - |
Non-biomass | 0/563 (0%) | Â | Â | 7/181 (3.9%) | Â | Â |