Figure 1

The effect of chloroquine dose on Plasmodium berghei ookinetes in vitro. Ookinetes were incubated for 2 h in a range of concentrations of chloroquine dissolved in RPMI 1640 medium. The proportion of parasites containing nuclei with condensed chromatin, detected using acridine orange staining (A), or expressing phosphatidyl serine on the outer surface, detected with annexin (B), was recorded as apoptotic. Staining with propidium iodide was used to identify dead ookinetes. Within a particular condition, bars that do not share the same letter are significantly different (p<0.05), n = 40 ookinetes per sample, error bars = SEM for four experimental repeats.