Figure 2

The induction of apoptosis in Plasmodium berghei ookinetes following exposure to chloroquine. Ookinetes were maintained in ookinete culture medium only (control) or treated with 1 mM chloroquine for 2 h (chloroquine treated). Following incubation, ookinetes were examined for the presence of four apoptotic markers: condensed chromatin, caspase-like activity, DNA fragmentation and loss of ΔΨ_m using the acridine orange, CaspaTag, TUNEL and JC-1 assays respectively. Error bars = SEM for three experimental repeats, n = 50–100 ookinetes per sample. Different letters indicate that data are significantly different.