Table 1 Reports of probenecid use during pregnancy
Author | Study | N | Treatment | Timing of Treatment | SAEs | Infant Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cavenee et al. [84] | Treatment of gonorrhoea in pregnancy | 123 | Amoxicillin 3 gm + probenecid 1 gm | 64 patients (25%) treated in 1st trimester of pregnancy | None, one woman reported vomiting several hours after taking the drug | 71 infants were evaluated, 14 treated < 14 week, 1 major malformation (7%), 4 minor malformations (29%); 57 > 14 week, 0 major and 10 minor malformations (18%), overall 1% major and 20% minor malformations, not statistically different from other groups |
Adelson et al. [85] | Treatment of urinary tract infections in pregnancy | 98 | Ampicillin 3.5 gm + probenecid 1 gm | Not stated | 3 patients developed candidal vulvo-vaginitis, 3 patients developed diarrhoea | Not stated |
Brown et al. [86] | Renal clearance of oestrogen in pregnancy | 9 | Probenecid 2.5 gm | Last 6 weeks of pregnancy | None reported | No foetal deaths or stillbirths |
Lee et al. [87] | Gout and pregnancy | 1 | Probenecid 1 gm to 3 gm daily throughout pregnancy | Throughout pregnancy | Anaemia thought related to renal disease | Healthy infant |
Weingold et al. [88] | Gout and pregnancy | 1 | Colchicine and probenecid | Throughout 1st pregnancy and for the first 14 weeks of 2nd pregnancy | Mild anaemia | 1st pregnancy: infant died on DOL4 due to hyaline membrane disease 2nd pregnancy: healthy infant |
Goodrich [55] | Gonorrhoea and pregnancy | 163 | Penicillin G 4.8 × 106 U (n = 158) or ampicillin (n = 5) + probenecid 1 gm | Not stated | None reported | Not stated |
Schackis [89] | Hype-ruricemia and pre-eclampsia | 20* | Probenecid 250 mg twice daily for 7 days | 26-32 weeks gestation | No side-effects to probenecid were recorded | There were 3 intrauterine foetal deaths: 1 from an abruptio placenta (> 1 kg) in the probenecid group and 2 from suspected placental insufficiency (both < 1 kg): 1 each in the probenecid and placebo group. |
Czaczkes et al. [90] | Pre-eclampsia, eclampsia | 18†| Probenecid 0.5 gm 3 times daily for 5-6 days | Not stated | None reported | Not stated |