Molecular epidemiology of Plasmodium vivax in Latin America: polymorphism and evolutionary relationships of the circumsporozoite gene

Table 1 Plasmodium vivax circumsporozoite gene variation in isolates from the central Pacific Ocean coast of Latin America

Geographic origin	Total (n)	^acsp CRR genotype:				*Csp* nucleotide sequence:
Geographic origin	Total (n)	Type	n	PCR Product size (bp)	RFLP type	Isolate code	Date of collection	^{b, f}Gene sequence (bp)	# of CRRu
Mexico: Southern Chiapas: (batch 2002–2005)	2 s	vk210	1	~700	a	Mxch13	May 5, 2000	657 ^II	20
	2 s	vk247	1	^e>700	a	Mxch10	March 3, 1999	714	19
	70	vk210	9 s	~700	a	Mxch1	Jul 5, 2005	^c894 ^I	20
			12 m			Mxch2	Oct 3, 2002	“	“
			12 m			Mxch3	March 10, 2005	“	“
		vk210	7 s	~700	b	Mxch4	July 4, 2002	^c900	18
			7 s			Mxch5	Feb 4, 2003	“	“
			5 m			Mxch7	May 16, 2002	“	“
		vk210	5 m	~500	c	Mxch3	-	^c738	12
						Mxch5	-	“	“
						Mxch8	Nov 17, 2003	“	“
						Mxch9	July 4, 2002	“	“
		vk247	33 s	^e>700	-	Mxch6	July 2, 2002	^c951	19
			20 m			Mxch7	-	“	“
						Mxch8	-	“	“
						Mxch9	-	“	“
						Mxch12	Feb 16, 2004	“	“
						Mxch11	Aug 16, 2004	714	“
^d(batch 2006–2008)		vk210	(1 s)	~700	d	Mxch14	Nov 6, 2006	639	18
Oaxaca	2 s	vk247		^e>700	-	MxO	Feb 22, 2007	714	19
Nicaragua	37 s		20	~700	a	Nir1	Jan 11, 2007	711 ^III	22
		vk210	12	~650	e	Nichn	May 17, 2007	630	19
			5	~600	f	Nir2,	Nov 27, 2006	603	18
			5	~600	f	Nichg	July 2, 2007	603	“
Peru	9 s	vk247		^e>700	-	Peru1	May, 2008	^c951	19

s, single csp repeat genotype infection ; m, isolates with mixed vk210-vk247 or vk210-vk210 infections (in bold letters).
^aNested PCR (fragments amplified with oligonucleotides CSP-f1/CSP-r1 followed by primers CSP-f2/Pv9a).
^bOnly those sequences obtained from the amplified product obtained by the first set of primers (CSP-f1/CSP-r1).
CRRu, central repeat units.
^c225 nucleotides from the amino end were also obtained for these isolates.
^dSee data of batch 2006–2008 in Table 2.
^eMolecular size slightly larger and discernible from vk210a fragment.
^fThree different nucleotide sequences ^{(I, II and III)} were detected for RFLP-vk210a.

ISSN: 1475-2875