|
Clinical finding
|
Volume responsive
|
Not volume responsive
|
PPV
|
NPV
|
Sensitivity
|
Specificity
|
|---|
|
(95% CI)
|
(95% CI)
|
(95% CI)
|
(95% CI)
|
|---|
|
Dry mucous membranes
|
19/23
|
44/58
|
30% (19–43)
|
78% (52–94)
|
83% (61–95)
|
24% (14–37)
|
|
Dry axillae
|
9/23
|
29/58
|
24% (11–40)
|
67% (51–81)
|
39% (20–61)
|
50% (37–63)
|
|
Decreased tissue turgor
|
2/23
|
2/58
|
50% (7–93)
|
73% (61–82)
|
9% (1–28)
|
97% (88–100)
|
|
Prolonged capillary refill 1*
|
4/23
|
12/57
|
25% (7–52)
|
70% (58–81)
|
17% (5–39)
|
79% (66–89)
|
|
Tachycardia > 100 bpm
|
11/23
|
29/58
|
28% (15–44)
|
71% (54–84)
|
48% (27–69)
|
50% (37–63)
|
|
Tachycardia > 120 bpm
|
0/23
|
3/58
|
0% (0–77)
|
71% (59–80)
|
0% (0–15)
|
95% (86–99)
|
|
Low JVP2*
|
11/23
|
15/57
|
42% (23–63)
|
78% (64–88)
|
48% (27–69)
|
74% (60–85)
|
|
Very low JVP3*
|
6/23
|
9/57
|
40% (16–68)
|
74% (61–84)
|
26% (10–48)
|
84% (72–93)
|
- 1 Greater than 2 seconds.
- 2 Low JVP: < 3–4 cm above the sternal angle with the patient at 45º.
- 3 Very low JVP: invisible at rest with the patient at 45º, jugular vein fills with base of neck compression.
- * In one patient the JVP was not visible and in one the capillary refill was not recorded.
