|
Clinical finding
|
Pulmonary oedema*
|
No pulmonary oedema
|
PPV
|
NPV
|
Sensitivity
|
Specificity
|
|---|
|
(95% CI)
|
(95% CI)
|
(95% CI)
|
(95% CI)
|
|---|
|
Crepitations on auscultation
|
30/99
|
46/254
|
39% (28–51)
|
75% (70–80)
|
39% (21–40)
|
82% (77–86)
|
|
Tachypnoea >20 breaths/min
|
81/98
|
221/250
|
27% (22–32)
|
63% (48–77)
|
83% (74–90)
|
12% (8–16)
|
|
Tachypnoea >30 breaths/min
|
38/98
|
71/250
|
35% (26–45)
|
75% (69–80)
|
39% (29–49)
|
72% (66–77)
|
|
Elevated JVP1#
|
47/92
|
121/247
|
28% (21–35)
|
74% (66–80)
|
51% (40–62)
|
51% (45–57)
|
|
Low JVP2#
|
31/92
|
69/247
|
31% (22–41)
|
74% (68–80)
|
34% (24–44)
|
72% (66–78)
|
- PPV Positive predictive value, NPV Negative predictive value.
- * Extravascular lung water index ≥ 11 ml/kg (patients with concomitant aspiration pneumonia excluded).
- 1 JVP ≥5 cm above the sternal angle with the patient at 45º.
- 2 JVP < 3–4 cm above the sternal angle with the patient at 45º.
- # JVP not visible in all patients.
