Table 1 The burden of vector-borne diseases endemic in South Sudan

Malaria

Plasmodium falciparum P. vivax

Anopheles gambiae, An. arabiensis, An. funestus

Countrywide

1.2 million cases in 2012

ITNs, IRS

[25]

Human African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness)

Trypanosoma brucei gambiense T. b. rhodesiense

Glossina fuscipes G. tachinoides, G. pallidipes, G. morsitans

Greater Equatoria Region, Jonglei state (Akobo County)

1-2 million people at risk

Introduce and maintain vector control (tsetse traps)

[26, 27]

Visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar)

Leishmania donovani

Phlebotomus orientalis P. martini

Unity, Jonglei, UN and EE

Cyclic (500 – 9,000 cases/year)

LLINs in highly endemic communities

[12, 28]

Lymphatic filariasis (elephantiasis)

Wuchereria bancrofti

Anopheles gambiae, An. arabiensis, An. funestus

Mapping not completed, but probably all ten states

Unknown

Large-scale distribution of LLINs for vector control

[28]

Loiasis

Loa loa

Chrysops silacea and C. dimidiata

Equatoria region; predominantly WE

Unknown

Large-scale distribution of LLINs for vector control

[12]

Onchocerciasis (River blindness)

Onchocerca volvulus

Simulium damnosum

Hyperendemic in WBEG, NBEG, Warrap, Lakes, WE, CE and parts of EE; Parts of Unity; Jonglei and UN

4.1 million at risk

Larvicides

[12, 28]

Dracunculiasis (Guinea worm)

Dracunculus medinensis

Chrysops

All states except WE and Unity

3,618 cases in 2008, by June 2009, 1,188 cases reported

Water filtration and treatment of water sources

[28, 29]

Schistosomiasis (Bilharzia)

Schistosoma haematobium S. mansoni

S. haematobium S. mansoni

Probably Warrab, Lakes, Unity and UN

Unknown

Molluscicides

[12, 28]