Table 4 Summary of anti-malarial terpenoids derived from the African flora, part 2: cassane furanoditerpenes, abietane diterpenes and sesquiterpenes
Compound subclass | Isolated metabolites | Plant species (Family) | Part of plant studied | Place of harvest (locality, country) | Author, reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cassane furanoditerpenes | 109 and 110 | Caesalpinia volkensii (Leguminosae) | Root bark | Gatamaiyo forest, Kenya | Ochieng et al.[94] |
Abietane diterpenes | 111 and 112 | Plectranthus hadiensis (Lamiaceae) | Leaves | South Africa | van Zyla et al.[95] |
113 | Plectranthus lucidus (Lamiaceae) | Leaves | South Africa | van Zyla et al.[95] | |
114 | Plectranthus ecklonii (Lamiaceae) | Leaves | South Africa | van Zyla et al.[95] | |
115, 116 and 117 | Plectranthus purpuratus (Lamiaceae) | Leaves | South Africa | van Zyla et al.[95] | |
118 | Fuerstia africana (Lamiaceae) | Aerial parts | Ngong Hills, Kenya | Koch et al. [96] | |
119 | Hoslundia opposita (Lamiaceae) | Root bark | Tanzania | Achenbach et al.[97] | |
120 | Hyptis suaveolens (Lamiaceae) | Leaves | Southeastern Nigeria | Chukwujekwu et al.[98] | |
Sesquiterpenes and sesquiterpene lactones | 121, 122, 123, and 124 | Vernonia amygdalina (Asteraceae) | Leaves | Mahale National Mountains Park, Tanzania | Ohigashi et al.[99] |
125 | Vernonia brachycalyx (Asteraceae) | Leaves | Machakos District, Kenya | Oketch-Rabah et al. [100] | |
126 | Ajuga remota (Lamiaceae) | Aerial parts | Nairobi, Kenya | Kuria et al. [101] | |
127, 128 and 129 | Reneilmia cincinnata (Zingiberaceae) | Fruits | Bafut, Cameroon | Tchuendem et al. [102] | |
130 and 131 | Acanthospermum hispidum (Asteraceae) | Flowers, leaves and stems | Danto/Porto-Novo, Benin | Ganfon et al. [103] | |
132, 133, 134, and 135 | Vernonia angulifolia (Asteraceae) | Aerial parts | University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa | Pedersen et al. [104] | |
136 | Dicoma tomentosa (Asteraceae) | Whole plant | Poun, Burkina Faso | Jansen et al. [105] | |
137 | Artemisia annua (Asteraceae) | Seeds | Kjenzi (Bugarama), Burundi | Reale et al. [106] | |
138 | Dicoma anomala subsp. gerrardii (Asteraceae) | Root stocks | Brits region, South Africa | Becker et al. [107] | |
139 | Tithonia diversifolia (Asteraceae) | Aerial parts | São Tomé and Príncipe islands | Goffin et al.[108] | |
140 | Scleria striatinux (Cyperaceae) | Roots | Oku, Cameroon | Efange et al.[109] | |
Coloratane sesquiterpenes | 141 to 148 | Warburgia ugandensis (Canellaceae) | Stem bark | Dello Menna, Ethiopia | Wube et al.[110] |