Figure 1

Polymorphism and selection of AMA1 genes in Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax populations of Papua New Guinea. The following results are based on the total dataset of 76 P. falciparum and 102 P. vivax sequences A) Polymorphism: Schematic of the (i) P. falciparum and (ii) P. vivax genes encoding the AMA1 ectodomain, with all polymorphisms including non-synonymous (NS SNP, red lines), synonymous (SP SNP, black lines) and singleton (dashed red and black lines, respectively) sites shown. Location of residues is indicated by the colored panel along the top of the chart: signal sequence (grey), DI (red), DII (orange), DIII (blue), transmembrane region (black). B) Nucleotide diversity: Sliding window analysis showing nucleotide diversity (π values for (i) Pfama1 and (ii) Pvama1. A window size of 100 bp and a step size of 3 bp were used. C) Natural selection. Sliding window calculation of Tajima’s D was performed for all (i) 76 Pfama1 sequences and (ii) 102 Pvama1 sequences (black = Madang; grey = Wosera). A window size of 100 and a step size of 3 were used. A single asterisk (black = Madang; grey = Wosera) indicates significant values for which p <0.05; and double asterisk indicates p <0.01.