Table 5 Predictors of receiving an antibiotic in hospitals and health centres (final model)
From: Management of febrile children under five years in hospitals and health centres of rural Ghana
POTENTIAL PREDICTORS | n | % (95% CI) | Unadjusted | Adjusted | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | p | OR (95% CI) | p | |||
1. HOSPITALS | ||||||
HEALTH WORKER: Cadre (history taking) | ||||||
Nurse | 227 | 30.6 (7.9, 69.4) | 1.0 | <0.0001 | 1.0 | <0.0001 |
Doctor | 1 | 4.3 (0.6, 27.1) | 0.10 (0.02, 0.62) | 0.22 (0.05, 1.0) | ||
Medical assistant | 62 | 17.6 (6.4, 40.0) | 0.48 (0.12, 1.91) | 0.64 (0.33, 1.26) | ||
Nurse assistant | 1 | 25.0 (2.6, 80.8) | 0.76 (0.07, 8.77) | 0.56 (0.07, 4.46) | ||
HEALTH WORKER: Cadre (consultation) | ||||||
Medical assistant | 117 | 22.4 (10.7, 41.0) | 1.0 | 0.0001 | 1.0 | 0.0001 |
Doctor | 45 | 13.4 (5.9, 27.6) | 0.54 (0.20, 1.41) | 0.57 (0.24, 1.38) | ||
Nurse | 52 | 35.9 (16.0, 62.1) | 1.94 (3.87, 13.08) | 2.02 (1.55, 2.64) | ||
Health assistant | 74 | 67.3 (33.8, 89.2) | 7.12 (3.87, 13.08) | 5.94 (3.10, 11.40) | ||
Other | 1 | 100.0 | ||||
PRESENTING SYMPTOMS: Diarrhoea | ||||||
No | 157 | 19.2 (4.1, 56.9) | 1.0 | 0.001 | 1.0 | <0.0001 |
Yes | 134 | 44.2 (22.0, 69.0) | 3.34 (1.76, 6.39) | 4.99 (3.72, 6.68) | ||
PRESENTING SYMPTOMS: Abdominal pain | ||||||
No | 219 | 24.1 (8.0, 53.7) | 1.0 | 0.07 | 1.0 | 0.006 |
Yes | 72 | 33.8 (9.3, 71.7) | 1.61 (0.97, 2.68) | 2.31 (1.33, 4.00) | ||
PHYSICAL EXAMINATIONS: Dehydration | ||||||
No | 290 | 26.2 (8.6, 57.4) | 1.0 | 0.03 | 1.0 | 0.002 |
Yes | 1 | 6.7 (0.3, 64.0) | 0.20 (0.05, 0.82) | 0.09 (0.02, 0.34) | ||
PHYSICAL EXAMINATIONS: weighed | ||||||
No | 32 | 76.2 (60.4, 87.0) | 1.0 | 1.0 | <0.0001 | |
Yes | 259 | 24.0 (9.1, 50.0) | 0.10 (0.06, 0.17) | <0.0001 | 0.14 (0.07, 0.29) | |
BLOOD TESTS: Malaria test positive | ||||||
No | 286 | 27.5 (8.9, 59.7) | 1.0 | 0.007 | 1.0 | 0.002 |
Yes | 5 | 6.0 (2.9, 12.2) | 0.17 (0.05, 0.56) | 0.19 (0.08, 0.47) | ||
TREATMENT SEEKING: Sought treatment or drugs elsewhere first | ||||||
No | 156 | 24.1 (7.5, 55.5) | 1.0 | 0.04 | 1.0 | 0.02 |
Yes | 135 | 28.5 (9.6, 59.9) | 1.26 (1.01, 1.56) | 1.38 (1.06, 1.79) | ||
2. HEALTH CENTRES | ||||||
CHILD: Have health insurance | ||||||
No | 44 | 27.9 (20.6, 36.4) | 1.0 | 0.07 | 1.0 | 0.02 |
Yes | 270 | 38.4 (25.7, 53.0) | 1.62 (0.96, 2.73) | 1.90 (1.11, 3.23) | ||
HEALTH WORKER: Cadre (consultation) | ||||||
Medical assistant | 142 | 34.9 (20.6, 52.6) | 1.0 | 0.0001 | 1.0 | <0.0001 |
Doctor | 1 | 10.0 (10.0, 10.0) | 0.21 (0.11, 0.41) | 0.10 (0.05, 0.22) | ||
Nurse | 65 | 39.6 (20.1, 63.2) | 1.23 (0.59, 2.56) | 1.05 (0.53, 2.09) | ||
Health assistant | 60 | 37.0 (25.1, 50.9) | 1.10 (0.58, 2.06) | 1.05 (0.60, 1.85) | ||
Other | 46 | 39.0 (25.9, 53.9) | 1.19 (0.51, 2.78) | 1.40 (0.63, 3.12) | ||
PRESENTING SYMPTOMS: cough | ||||||
No | 200 | 32.4 (20.8, 46.6) | 1.0 | 0.03 | 1.0 | 0.01 |
Yes | 114 | 46.9 (32.4, 62.0) | 1.85 (1.07, 3.20) | 2.24 (1.25, 4.00) | ||
PRESENTING SYMPTOMS: diarrhoea | ||||||
No | 163 | 27.5 (17.6, 40.3) | 1.0 | <0.0001 | 1.0 | <0.0001 |
Yes | 151 | 56.3 (38.0, 73.1) | 3.40 (2.28, 5.09) | 4.17 (2.62, 6.64) | ||
PRESENTING SYMPTOMS: abdominal pain | ||||||
No | 248 | 34.7 (24.2, 47.0) | 1.0 | 0.03 | 1.0 | 0.003 |
Yes | 66 | 44.9 (27.6, 63.5) | 1.53 (1.06, 2.22) | 1.82 (1.26, 2.61) | ||
BLOOD TESTS: Malaria test positive | ||||||
No | 310 | 37.9 (26.7, 50.7) | 1.0 | 0.0003 | 1.0 | 0.0002 |
Yes | 4 | 9.1 (4.3, 18.3) | 0.16 (0.07, 0.34) | 0.16 (0.07, 0.34) | ||
TREATMENTS: Given any monotherapy | ||||||
No | 256 | 33.7 (21.7, 48.3) | 1.0 | 0.04 | 1.0 | 0.02 |
Yes | 58 | 57.4 (37.1, 75.5) | 2.56 (1.14, 5.73) | 2.57 (1.15, 5.74) | ||