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Table 2 Logistic regression analysis with clinico-demographic and laboratory characteristics for determining the associated factor/s with complicated malaria

From: Severity in Plasmodium vivax malaria claiming global vigilance and exploration – a tertiary care centre-based cohort study

Malaria species

Plasmodium vivax(N = 585)

Plasmodium falciparum(N = 317)

Characteristics

Odds ratio (95% CI)

P-value*

Adjusted Odds ratio (95% CI)

P-value*

Odds ratio (95% CI)

P-value*

Adjusted Odds ratio (95% CI)

P-value*

Malaria species ŧ

Reference

2.80 (2.04-3.83)

<0.001

 

Demographic

Gender, male

0.49 (0.29-0.81)

0.005

0.37 (0.09-1.53)

0.17

0.87 (0.49-1.55)

0.63

§

 

Age, years (median, IQR)

1.03 (1.02-1.05)

<0.001

#

 

1.01 (0.99 - 1.03)

0.11

§

 

Age categories

Up to 40 years

Reference

Reference

 

Reference

  

Between 41 - 60 years

2.12 (1.31-3.42)

0.002

1.56 (0.49-4.97)

0.45

1.12 (0.69-1.84)

0..65

§

 

More than 60 years

2.40 (1.06-5.44)

0.035

2.59 (0.41-16.16)

0.31

1.64 (0.57-4.70)

0.36

§

 

History of fever

0.82 (0.09-7.37)

0.86

§

 

0.11 (0.01-0.94)

0.04

‡

 

More than 3 days of fever

2.25 (1.35-3.77)

0.002

2.30 (0.62-8.55)

0.21

1.58 (0.88-2.85)

0.13

§

 

Headache

0.56 (0.36-0.87)

0.01

1.24 (0.44 - 3.49)

0.69

0.58 (0.36-0.92)

0.02

‡

 

Diarrhoea

1.43 (0.56-3.63)

0.46

§

 

4.83 (1.94-12.04)

0.001

‡

 

Pallor

1.97 (1.13-3.44)

0.02

#

 

4.35 (2.60-7.29)

<0.001

#

 

Icterus

2.48 (1.51-4.08)

<0.001

#

 

3.53 (2.18-5.71)

<0.001

#

 

Splenomegaly

0.83 (0.52-1.32)

0.44

§

 

1.63 (1.02-2.61)

0.04

‡

 

Hepatomegaly

1.80 (1.12-2.89)

0.015

0.55 (0.16-1.91)

0.35

1.86 (1.16-2.97)

0.01

0.03 (0.00-9.20)

0.23

Pulse rate (/min)

1.02 (1.001-1.03)

0.036

1.01 (0.97-1.04)

0.81

1.01 (0.99-1.02)

0.40

§

 

Respiratory rate (/min)

1.11 (1.06-1.17)

<0.001

1.29 (1.15-1.46)

<0.001

1.09 (1.04-1.13)

<0.001

0.98 (0.66-1.46)

0.920

Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

0.98 (0.96-0.99)

0.012

0.96 (0.93-0.99)

0.02

0.99 (0.98-1.01)

0.74

§

 

Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)

0.98 (0.96-0.99)

0.02

#

 

0.99 (0.97-1.01)

0.34

§

 

Axillary temperature (°F)a

0.85 (0.74-0.97)

0.014

0.78 (0.56-1.09)

0.150

0.86 (0.74-1.01)

0.06

§

 

Parasite index (%)

1.66 (0.74-3.69)

0.22

§

 

1.33 (1.07-1.66)

0.01

2.97 (1.11-7.98)

0.03

Hemoglobin (gm/dL)

0.77 (0.70-0.85)

<0.001

0.86 (0.67-1.11)

0.24

0.76 (0.69-0.84)

<0.001

0.87 (0.39-1.94)

0.73

Leucocyte count/1,000/mm3

1.23 (1.12-1.34)

<0.001

#

 

1.08 (1.01-1.15)

0.03

#

 

Leucocytosis ≥11,000/mm3

4.78 (1.79-12.74)

0.002

12.87 (1.43-115.93)

0.020

9.17 (3.63-23.17)

<0.001

‡

 

Leucopenia ≤4,000/mm3

0.72 (0.40-1.31)

0.28

§

 

0.36 (0.17-0.75)

0.006

0.48 (0.01-17.62)

0.690

Platelet count/10,000/mm3

0.95 (0.91-0.99)

0.012

#

 

0.97 (0.93-1.002)

0.06

§, #

 

Thrombocytopaenia ≤40,000/mm3

3.28 (1.99-5.41)

<0.001

2.44 (0.67-8.88)

0.180

2.14 (1.30-3.52)

0.003

3.96 (0.17-91.31)

0.39

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate/10 (/1st hour)

1.16 (1.08-1.24)

<0.001

#

 

1.19 (1.11-1.27)

<0.001

#

 

Total bilirubin (mg/dL)

1.18 (1.09-1.28)

<0.001

1.11 (0.93-1.32)

0.27

1.14 (1.09-1.19)

<0.001

1.36 (0.93-1.98)

0.11

Direct bilirubin (mg/dL)

1.22 (1.11-1.35)

<0.001

#

 

1.18 (1.11-1.25)

<0.001

#

 

Aspartate aminotransferase (IU/L)

1.01 (1.01-1.02)

<0.001

1.01 (0.99-1.02)

0.28

1.02 (1.01-1.02)

<0.001

1.02 (0.98-1.06)

0.330

Alanine aminotransferase (IU/L)

1.01 (1.00-1.01)

0.06

§, #

 

1.01 (1.001-1.011)

0.02

#

 

Alkaline phosphatase (U/L)

1.01 (1.01-1.02)

<0.001

1.00 (0.99-1.01)

0.21

1.01 (1.002-1.01)

0.002

0.98 (0.94-1.03)

0.43

Blood urea (mg/dL)

1.03 (1.02-1.05)

<0.001

#

 

1.02 (1.01-1.03)

<0.001

#

 

Serum creatinine (mg/dL)

2.78 (1.64-4.72)

<0.001

2.20 (0.90-5.40)

0.09

3.51 (2.26-5.44)

<0.001

#

 

Haematuria ≥ 0-5 RBCs/hpf

23.74 (9.74-57.83)

<0.001

59.36 (13.51-260.81)

<0.001

7.41 (2.99-18.33)

<0.001

‡

 
  1. ŧUnivariate analysis considering malaria species as independent and complicated malaria as dependent variable.
  2. §Univariate model did not yield significant association.
  3. ‡Statistics could not be computed.
  4. *Significant P-value, i e, <0.05 are shown in bold face and odds ratios which did not overlap the null value, i e, 1 are shown in bold face.
  5. aTo convert temperature to 0C=[0F-32]*5/9.
  6. #Indicates collinearity, In P. vivax, Age - Age Category, Pallor - Haemoglobin and Erythrocyte sedimentation rate/10, Icterus - Total bilirubin, Systolic blood pressure - Diastolic blood pressure, Haemoglobin - Erythrocyte sedimentation rate/10, Leucocyte count/1,000 - Leucocytosis, Platelet count/10,000 - Thrombocytopaenia, Total bilirubin - Direct bilirubin, Blood urea - Direct bilirubin and Serum creatinine, Aspartate aminotransferase - Alanine aminotransferase. In P. falciparum, Pallor - Haemoglobin and Erythrocyte sedimentation rate/10, Icterus - Total and Direct bilirubin, Hemoglobin - Erythrocyte sedimentation rate/10, Leucocyte count/1000 - Leucocytosis, Platelet count/10000 - Thrombocytopaenia, Total bilirubin - Direct bilirubin, Total and Direct bilirubin - Blood urea and Serum creatinine, Alanine aminotransferase - Aspartate aminotransferase, Blood urea - Leucocytosis and Serum creatinine.
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Malaria Journal

ISSN: 1475-2875

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