Environmental temperatures significantly change the impact of insecticides measured using WHOPES protocols

Table 3 Effect of acclimation temperature on insecticide susceptibility

	Malathion: 1 h			Malathion: 24 h			Permethrin
	df	F	p-value	df	F	p-value	df	F	p-value
Acclimation temperature	1	0.5	0.5	1	0.03	0.9	1	14.2	0.001
Exposure temperature	1	98.2	<0.001	1	98.4	<0.001	1	1.1	0.3
Concentration	3	81.1	<0.001	3	81.5	<0.001	1	85.2	<0.001
Acclimation temp. x Exposure temp.	1	3.6	0.06	1	6.0	0.02	1	3.0	0.1
Acclimation temp. x Concentration	3	4.5	0.01	3	1.8	0.2	1	0.1	0.7
Exposure temp. x Concentration	3	1.3	0.3	3	0.5	0.7	1	5.8	0.02
Accl. temp. x Exp. temp. x Concentration	3	0	1.0	3	1.3	0.3	1	1.0	0.3

Generalized linear models results from temperature-acclimation experiments. Significance was evaluated at α = 0.05, and significant terms are indicated by boldface type. Survival at one hour after malathion exposure depended on the exposure temperature; the influence of acclimation temperature on one-hour survival depended on malathion concentration. At 24 hours post-malathion-exposure, survival depended on both acclimation and exposure temperature, but acclimation temperature was only important at certain exposure temperatures. Acclimation temperature significantly influenced permethrin survival independent of chemical concentration, while the effect of exposure temperature on survival depended on concentration.