|
Risk factors
|
Risk factors, % (event/226)
|
Mortality per risk factor, % (death/no. of event)
|
Odds ratio [95% confidence interval]*
|
P - value*
|
|---|
|
Species of infection
$
|
|
Plasmodium vivax
|
43.8 (99)
|
2 (2/99)
|
Reference
| |
|
Plasmodium falciparum
|
50.9 (115)
|
6.1 (7/115)
|
3.14 [0.64 - 15.50]
|
0.20
|
|
Age
|
|
Up to 40 years
|
58 (131)
|
4.6 (6/131)
|
Reference
| |
|
Between 41–60 years
|
35 (79)
|
6.3 (5/79)
|
1.41 [0.42 - 4.77]
|
0.58
|
|
More than 60 years
|
7 (16)
|
0
|
0
|
0.99
|
|
Gender
|
|
Female
|
22.6 (51)
|
3.9 (2/51)
|
Reference
| |
|
Male
|
77.4 (175)
|
5.1 (9/175)
|
0.75 [0.16 - 3.60]
|
0.72
|
|
Determinants of severity
|
|
Cerebral malaria
|
11.1 (25)
|
16 (4/25)
|
5.28 [1.43 - 19.53]
|
0.01
|
|
Spontaneous bleeding
|
31.4 (71)
|
7 (5/71)
|
1.88 [0.55 - 6.38]
|
0.31
|
|
Pulmonary oedema/ARDS
|
28.3 (64)
|
10.9 (7/64)
|
4.85 [1.37 - 17.19]
|
0.01
|
|
Liver dysfunction
|
20.8 (47)
|
12.8 (6/47)
|
5.09 [1.48 - 17.50]
|
0.01
|
|
Severe anaemia
|
15 (34)
|
14.7 (5/34)
|
5.35 [1.53 - 18.65]
|
0.01
|
|
Haemoglobinuria
|
11.1 (25)
|
8 (2/25)
|
1.85 [0.38 - 9.07]
|
0.45
|
|
Renal failure
|
21.2 (48)
|
14.6 (7/48)
|
7.43 [2.08 - 26.57]
|
0.002
|
|
Respiratory distress
|
17.7 (40)
|
12.5 (5/40)
|
4.29 [1.24 - 14.82]
|
0.02
|
|
Metabolic acidosis
|
5.8 (13)
|
23.1 (3/13)
|
7.69 [1.77 - 33.47]
|
0.01
|
|
Hyperparasitaemia
|
4.4 (10)
|
10 (1/10)
|
2.29 [0.26 - 19.87]
|
0.45
|
|
Hypoglycaemia
|
0.9 (2)
|
100 (2/2)
|
#
|
#
|
|
Shock
|
4.9 (11)
|
0
|
#
|
#
|
|
Other abnormal lab parameters
|
|
Leucocytosis (≥11,000/mm3)
|
15 (34)
|
17.6 (6/34)
|
9.38 [2.49 - 35.33]
|
0.001
|
|
Leucopaenia (≤4,000/mm3)
|
11.5 (26)
|
3.8 (1/26)
|
0.79 [0.10 - 6.51]
|
0.83
|
|
Severe thrombocytopaenia (≤40,000/mm3)
|
38.1 (86)
|
8.1 (7/86)
|
2.73 [0.77 -9.61]
|
0.12
|
|
Supportive requirements
|
|
Inotropes
|
8 (18)
|
38.9 (7/18)
|
32.46 [8.25 - 127.73]
|
<0.001
|
|
Blood transfusion
|
36.7 (83)
|
7.2 (6/83)
|
2.15 [0.64 - 7.28]
|
0.22
|
|
Mechanical ventilation
|
12.4 (28)
|
32.1 (9/28)
|
46.42 [9.35 - 230.60]
|
<0.001
|
|
Dialysis
|
10.2 (23)
|
17.4 (4/23)
|
5.90 [1.58 - 21.97]
|
0.01
|
|
Intensive care
|
30.1 (68)
|
14.7 (10/68)
|
27.07 [3.39 - 216.15]
|
0.002
|
|
Length of hospital stay
|
|
More than 7 days of hospital stay
|
44.7 (101)
|
1 (1/101)
|
0.11 [0.01 - 0.91]
|
0.04
|
- *Confidence intervals that do not overlap the null value of odds ratio = 1, and P-value <0.05 are shown in bold font.
- #Statistics could not be computed.
- $Mixed infection was excluded due to insufficient cohort size.
