|
Risk factors
|
Intensive care support % (event/total number)
|
Odds ratio [95% confidence interval]*
|
P – value*
|
Adjusted odds ratio [95% confidence interval]*
|
P – value*
|
|---|
|
Species of infection
$
|
|
Plasmodium vivax
|
4.3 (25/585)
|
Reference
| | | |
|
Plasmodium falciparum
|
15.1 (48/317)
|
4.00 [2.41 - 6.62]
|
<0.001
| | |
|
Age
|
|
Up to 40 years
|
6.2 (39/626)
|
Reference
| | | |
|
Between 41–60 years
|
12.9 (32/248)
|
2.23 [1.36 - 3.65]
|
0.001
| | |
|
More than 60 years
|
16.7 (8/48)
|
3.01 [1.32 - 6.87]
|
0.01
| | |
|
Gender
|
|
Male
|
7.8 (59/760)
|
1.67 [0.98 - 2.87]
|
0.06
| | |
|
Female
|
12.3 (20/162)
|
Reference
| | | |
|
More than 3 days of fever
|
11.1 (71/638)
|
5.55 [2.38 - 12.94]
|
<0.001
|
5.87 [1.56 - 22.10]
|
0.01
|
|
Determinants of severity
|
|
Cerebral malaria
|
64 (16/25)
|
25.53 [10.00 - 55.39]
|
<0.001
|
12.79 [2.94 - 55.71]
|
0.001
|
|
Spontaneous bleeding
|
36.6 (26/71)
|
8.70 [4.98 - 15.19]
|
<0.001
| | |
|
Pulmonary oedema/ARDS
|
46.9 (30/64)
|
14.57 [8.24 - 25.74]
|
<0.001
|
9.44 [4.07 - 21.88]
|
<0.001
|
|
Liver dysfunction
|
40.4 (19/47)
|
9.22 [4.87 - 17.46]
|
<0.001
| | |
|
Severe anaemia
|
29.4 (10/34)
|
4.93 [2.27 - 10.74]
|
<0.001
| | |
|
Haemoglobinuria
|
52 (13/25)
|
13.83 [6.07 - 31.54]
|
<0.001
| | |
|
Renal failure
|
47.9 (23/48)
|
13.44 [7.17 - 25.17]
|
<0.001
|
4.70 [1.74 - 12.69]
|
0.002
|
|
Respiratory distress
|
32.5 (13/40)
|
5.95 [2.93 - 12.08]
|
<0.001
|
5.50 [1.70 - 17.85]
|
0.005
|
|
Metabolic acidosis
|
76.9 (10/13)
|
40.58 [10.91 - 150.90]
|
<0.001
|
10.00 [1.26 - 79.57]
|
0.03
|
|
Hyperparasitaemia
|
40 (4/10)
|
7.44 [2.05 - 26.95]
|
0.002
|
5.69 [1.05 - 30.74]
|
0.04
|
|
Hypoglycaemia
|
50 (1/2)
|
10.42 [0.65 - 168.44]
|
0.10
|
#
|
#
|
|
Shock
|
36.4 (4/11)
|
6.37 [1.82 - 22.25]
|
0.004
| | |
|
Other abnormal lab parameters
|
|
Leucocytosis (≥11,000/mm3)
|
46.9 (23/49)
|
13.92 [7.41 - 26.16]
|
<0.001
|
4.17 [1.54 - 11.24]
|
0.005
|
|
Leucopaenia (≤4,000/mm3)
|
2.4 (4/169)
|
0.23 [0.08 - 0.63]
|
0.004
|
0.26 [0.07 - 1.00]
|
0.05
|
|
Severe thrombocytopaenia (≤40,000/mm3)
|
23.5 (48/204)
|
7.33 [4.43 - 12.12]
|
<0.001
|
5.70 [2.77 - 11.73]
|
<0.001
|
- *Confidence intervals that do not overlap the null value of odds ratio = 1, and P-value <0.05 are shown in bold font.
- #Statistics could not be computed.
- ^Patients with mortality outcome were excluded from analysis.
- $Mixed infection was excluded due to insufficient cohort size.
