Table 1 Factors associated with delay in seeking treatment by bivariate analysis (n = 456)
Factors | n | Delay (%) | OR (95% CI) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Sociodemographic | ||||
Gender | ||||
Male | 308 | 243 (78.9) | 1.00 | |
Female | 148 | 119 (80.4) | 1.10 (0.67-1.79) | 0.708 |
Age (years) | ||||
<35 | 233 | 184 (79.0) | 1.00 | |
≥35 | 223 | 178 (79.8) | 1.05 (0.67-1.66) | 0.822 |
Education level | ||||
Primary school and above | 315 | 247 (78.4) | 1.00 | |
No education | 141 | 115 (81.6) | 1.22 (0.74-2.01) | 0.443 |
Occupation | ||||
Non- agriculture | 228 | 178 (78.1) | 1.00 | |
Agriculture | 228 | 184 (80.7) | 1.17 (0.75-1.85) | 0.488 |
Monthly income (baht) | ||||
≤2,000 | 231 | 184 (79.7) | 1.00 | |
>2,000 | 225 | 178 (79.1) | 0.97 (0.61-1.52) | 0.886 |
Status | ||||
Single | 120 | 91 (75.8) | 1.00 | |
Married | 311 | 252 (81.0) | 1.36 (0.82-2.26) | 0.231 |
Divorce/separated | 25 | 19 (76.0) | 1.01 (0.37-2.77) | 0.986 |
Ethnicity | ||||
Thai | 156 | 112 (71.8) | 1.00 | |
Hill tribe | 300 | 250 (83.3) | 1.96 (1.24-3.12) | 0.004* |
History of illness with malaria | ||||
Yes | 385 | 307 (79.7) | 1.00 | |
No | 71 | 55 (77.5) | 0.87 (0.47-1.61) | 0.663 |
Species of infection | ||||
P. falcipalum | 191 | 138 (72.3) | 1.00 | |
P. vivax | 255 | 216 (84.7) | 2.13 (1.34-3.39) | 0.001* |
P. falcipalum & P. vivax | 10 | 8 (80.0) | 1.54 (0.32-7.47) | 0.595 |
Treatment-seeking behaviour | ||||
Self-treatment | ||||
No | 164 | 121 (73.8) | 1.00 | |
Yes | 292 | 241 (82.5) | 1.68 (1.06-2.66) | 0.027* |
Visiting traditional healer | ||||
No | 449 | 356 (79.3) | 1.00 | |
Yes | 7 | 6 (85.7) | 1.56 (0.19-13.18) | 0.679 |
Visiting private clinic | ||||
No | 439 | 347 (79.0) | 1.00 | |
Yes | 17 | 15 (88.2) | 1.99 (0.45-8.85) | 0.367 |
Previous visit to malaria clinic/public hospitals | ||||
No | 434 | 344 (79.3) | 1.00 | |
Yes | 22 | 18 (81.8) | 1.17 (0.39-3.57) | 0.773 |
Visiting sub-district health promotion hospital/malaria post | ||||
No | 380 | 295 (77.6) | 1.00 | |
Yes | 76 | 67 (88.2) | 2.15 (1.03-4.48) | 0.042* |
Accessibility of health services | ||||
Distance (km) | ||||
≤3 | 181 | 139 (76.8) | 1.00 | |
>3 | 275 | 223 (81.1) | 1.30 (0.82-2.05) | 0.268 |
Transport | ||||
Private transport | 322 | 250 (76.1) | 1.00 | |
Bicycle/walking | 58 | 47 (81.0) | 1.23 (0.61-2.25) | 0.565 |
Hired transport | 76 | 65 (85.5) | 1.70 (0.85-3.40) | 0.131 |
Travel time (minutes) | ||||
≤30 | 384 | 300 (78.1) | 1.00 | |
>30 | 72 | 62 (86.1) | 1.74 (0.85-3.53) | 0.128 |
Cost of visit (Baht) | ||||
≤60 | 229 | 175 (76.4) | 1.00 | |
>60 | 227 | 187 (82.4) | 1.44 (0.91-2.28) | 0.117 |
Social support | ||||
High | 243 | 178 (73.3) | 1.00 | |
Medium | 114 | 96 (84.2) | 1.95 (1.09-3.47) | 0.024* |
Low | 99 | 88 (88.9) | 2.92 (1.47-5.81) | 0.002* |
Receiving mass media messages about malaria | ||||
Yes | 401 | 315 (78.6) | 1.00 | 0.239 |
No | 55 | 47 (85.5) | 1.60 (0.73-3.52) | |