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Table 3 Factors associated with P. falciparum infection and anaemia (Hb < 11 g/dl), significant associations in univariate tests (N = 296)1

From: Malaria and anaemia among children in two communities of Kumasi, Ghana: a cross-sectional survey

Variables tested

Prevalence of P. falciparum infection (95% CI)

Prevalence of Hb < 11 (95% CI)

Education ≥ middle school

    

   No (n = 132)

40.9%

(32.5, 49.3)***

63.6%

(55.4, 71.8)***

   Yes (n = 164)

12.8%

(7.7, 17.9)

39.6%

(32.1, 47.1)

Ethnic group

    

   Akan/Ga/Ewe (n = 167)

16.2%

(10.6, 21.8)***

35.9%

(28.6, 43.2)***

   North/Immigrant (n = 129)

37.2%

(28.9, 45.5)

69.0%

(61.0, 77.0)

Socioeconomic score2

    

   Lowest (n = 80)

47.5%

(36.6, 58.4)***

67.5%

(57.2, 77.8)**

   Middle (n = 109)

26.6%

(18.3, 34.9)

47.7%

(38.3, 57.1)

   Highest (n = 107)

7.5%

(2.5, 12.5)

40.2%

(30.9, 49.5)

Use repellents/coils/sprays

    

   No (n = 83)

15.7%

(7.9, 23.5)*

41.0%

(30.4, 51.6)*

   Yes (n = 213)

29.1%

(23.0, 35.2)

54.0%

(47.3, 60.7)

Nearest health facility3

    

   < 150 m (n = 97)

12.4%

(5.8, 19.0)***

45.4%

(35.5, 55.3)**

   150–250 m (n = 112)

26.8%

(18.6, 35.0)

42.9%

(33.7, 52.1)

   ≥ 250 m (n = 87)

37.9%

(27.7, 48.1)

65.5%

(55.5, 75.5)

Child sex

    

   Male (n = 138)

24.6%

(17.4, 31.8)

58.0%

(49.8, 66.2)*

   Female (n = 158)

25.9%

(19.1, 32.7)

43.7%

(36.0, 51.4)

Child age group

    

   1–3 years (n = 108)

15.7%

(8.8, 22.6)**

61.1%

(51.9, 70.3)**

   4–6 years (n = 106)

34.0%

(25.0, 43.0)

51.9%

(42.4, 61.4)

   7–9 years (n = 82)

26.8%

(17.2, 36.4)

34.1%

(23.8, 44.4)

Rural travel, past 3 weeks

    

   No (n = 286)

23.8%

(18.9, 28.7)**

49.3%

(43.5, 55.1)

   Yes (n = 10)

70.0%

(41.6, 98.4)

80.0%

(55.2, 100)

Malnourished(stunted, wasted or underweight)

    

   No (n = 226/294)

24.8%

(19.2, 30.4)

46.5%

(40.0, 53.0)*

   Yes (n = 68/294)

26.5%

(16.0, 37.0)

63.2%

(51.7, 74.7)

Stunted (height-for-age Z-score < -2)

    

   No (n = 253/295)

23.7%

(18.5, 28.9)

47.0%

(40.8, 53.2)**

   Yes (n = 42/295)

33.3%

(19.0, 47.6)

71.4%

(57.7, 85.1)

P. falciparum infection

    

   No (n = 221)

n/a

42.1%

(35.6, 48.6)***

   Yes (n = 75)

  

74.7%

(64.9, 84.5)

Clinical malaria4

    

   No (n = 266)

n/a

47.0%

(41.0, 53.0)**

   Yes (n = 30)

  

80.0%

(65.7, 94.3)

  1. 1. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001
  2. 2. Based on World Bank asset scores for Ghana [12]: lowest (scores = 0,1), middle (2), highest (3.4)
  3. 3. Health facility = government hospital or primary care clinic
  4. 4. Clinical malaria: P. falciparum with reported fever in past 48 hours and/or current axillary temperature ≥ 37.5°C
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Malaria Journal

ISSN: 1475-2875

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