From: Detection and clinical manifestation of placental malaria in southern Ghana
Parameter | All | Primiparae | Parae II & III | Multiparae (>III) | P |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. (%) | 839 (100) | 304/832 (36.5) | 305/832 (36.7) | 223/832 (26.8) | |
Age (years; median, range; n = 827) | 25 (15–47) | 21 (15–36) | 25 (18–40)* | 33 (22–47)* | < 0.0001 |
Residence in Agogo (%, No.) | 48.9 (410) | 48.7 (148/304) | 54.8 (167/305) | 41.3 (92/223) | 0.009 |
Proportion without school degree (%, No.) | 15.4 (128/829) | 8.6 (26/302) | 14.6 (44/302)* | 26.0 (57/219)* | < 0.0001 |
Axillary temperature (°C; mean ± SD; n = 826) | 36.4 ± 0.5 | 36.5 ± 0.6 | 36.4 ± 0.5 | 36.4 ± 0.5 | 0.32 |
Fever (%, No.) | 2.8 (23/826) | 4.0 (12/300) | 1.7 (5/302) | 2.7 (6/129) | 0.22 |
Haemoglobin (g/dL; median; range) | 11.5 (4.6–16.8) | 11.4 (4.6–16.4) | 11.6 (5.8–16.8) | 11.5 (4.7–15.6) | 0.28 |
Anaemia (haemoglobin <11 g/dL) | 35.2 (295) | 38.5 (117/304) | 32.5 (99/305) | 35.0 (78/223) | 0.30 |
No. of previous ANC visits (median, range, n = 821) | 4 (0–12) | 3 (0–11) | 4 (0–12)* | 4 (0–10) | 0.01 |
Proportion with ≤3 ANC visits (%, No.) | 47.7 (392/821) | 52.5 (156/297) | 43.1 (129/299)* | 47.9 (105/219) | 0.07 |
Caesarean section (%, No.) | 22.1 (185) | 21.7 (66/304) | 19.0 (58/305) | 26.5 (59/223) | 0.12 |
Birth weight (g; median, range; n = 838) | 2950 (1280–4500) | 2785 (1280–4000) | 3000 (1600–4250)* | 3100 (1500–4500)* | <0.0001 |
Gestational age (weeks; median, range; n = 831) | 38.4 (20.0–43.1) | 38.4 (20.0–43.1) | 39.0 (32.0–43.1)* | 39.4 (27.0–42.1)* | 0.0001 |
Low birth weight (LBW) | 16.0 (134/837) | 26.0 (79/304) | 10.9 (33/304)* | 9.4 (21/223)* | < 0.0001 |
Preterm delivery | 18.8 (156/831) | 26.3 (80/304) | 16.0 (48/300)* | 12.2 (27/221)* | < 0.0001 |
Proportion with chloroquine in plasma (%, No.) | 22.4 (182/821) | 27.9 (83/298) | 19.1 (57/299)* | 19.4 (42/217)* | 0.02 |
Proportion with pyrimethamine in plasma (%, No.) | 35.0 (287/821) | 35.6 (106/298) | 33.8 (101/299) | 35.9 (78/217) | 0.85 |