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Table 3 Multivariate analysis of risk factors

From: Large-scale malaria survey in Cambodia: Novel insights on species distribution and risk factors

Plasmodium spp.

Sampovloun*

Koh Kong

Preah Vihear

Variables at individual level : (tested/reference)

         
 

OR

95% CI

p

OR

95% CI

p

OR

95% CI

p

gender (male/female)

2.31

1.56–3.41

< 0.001

1.69

1.19–2.38

0.003

1.31

1.10–1.57

0.003

age (0–5 years/≥ 40 years)

0.4

0.13–1.23

0.109

1.53

0.59–3.95

0.377

1.41

0.96–2.07

0.084

age (5–14 years/> 40 years)

0.6

0.32–1.14

0.118

3.46

1.96–6.11

< 0.001

1.85

1.30–2.65

0.001

age (15–39 years/> 40 years)

1.97

1.14–3.41

0.016

2.68

1.53–4.67

0.001

1.63

1.14–2.33

0.008

bednet (used/not used)

0.65

0.26–1.65

0.364

1.79

0.54–5.95

0.341

0.6

0.46–0.77

< 0.001

Variables at village level : (increasing distances)

         
 

OR

95% CI

p

OR

95% CI

p

OR

95% CI

p

distance to forest

1.21

0.85–1.74

0.146

0.8

0.59–1.07

0.065

0.82

0.72–0.94

0.003

distance to health center

0.86

0.70–1.07

0.085

1.05

1.04–1.07

< 0.001

1.03

0.99–1.08

0.076

* Sex-age interaction was observed upon analysis with two ageclasses (tested/reference : age ≥ 15 years/< 15 years) sex × age: OR = 4.37, 95% CI = 1.82–10.47, p = 0.001, likelihood-ratio test A: LR = 11.08, p < 0.001

Plasmodium falciparum

Sampovloun

Koh Kong

Preah Vihear

Variables at individual level : (tested/reference)

         
 

OR

95% CI

p

OR

95% CI

p

OR

95% CI

p

gender (male/female)

2.75

1.61–4.73

< 0.001

1.67

1.13–2.46

0.01

1.43

1.17–1.75

< 0.001

age (0–5 years/> 40 years)

0.3

0.07–1.40

0.127

1.03

0.32–3.31

0.965

1.19

0.78–1.82

0.425

age (5–14 years/> 40 years)

0.3

0.12–0.75

0.01

2.86

1.52–5.38

0.001

1.7

1.16–2.51

0.007

age (15–39 years/> 40 years)

1.77

0.89–3.50

0.101

2.51

1.36–4.64

0.003

1.48

1.00–2.18

0.049

bednet (used/not used)

0.37

0.13–1.05

0.06

1.79

0.47–6.76

0.393

0.56

0.42–0.73

< 0.001

Variables at village level : (increasing distances)

         
 

OR

95% CI

p

OR

95% CI

p

OR

95% CI

p

distance to forest

1.2

0.80–1.81

0.191

0.85

0.63–1.15

0.15

0.82

0.68–0.99

0.018

distance to health center

0.87

0.69–1.10

0.121

1.05

1.03–1.06

< 0.001

1.05

0.99–1.12

0.049

Plasmodium vivax

Sampovloun

Koh Kong

Preah Vihear

Variables at individual level : (tested/reference)

         
 

OR

95% CI

p

OR

95% CI

p

OR

95% CI

p

gender (male/female)

1.94

1.15–3.28

0.013

1.29

0.75–2.21

0.357

1.06

0.76–1.48

0.725

age (0–5 years/> 40 years)

0.91

0.22–3.74

0.899

2.13

0.49–9.27

0.312

2.84

1.24–6.49

0.014

age (5–14 years/> 40 years)

1.36

0.53–3.46

0.521

3.8

1.42–10.14

0.008

2.77

1.26–6.13

0.012

age (15–39 years/> 40 years)

2.58

1.07–6.21

0.035

2.38

0.89–6.41

0.086

2.17

0.97–4.82

0.058

bednet (used/not used)

2.42

0.32–18.51

0.394

1.92

0.25–15.08

0.534

0.77

0.47–1.25

0.284

Variables at village level : (increasing distances)

         
 

OR

95% CI

p

OR

95% CI

p

OR

95% CI

p

distance to forest

1.16

0.81–1.66

0.212

0.84

0.64–1.10

0.103

0.88

0.79–0.97

0.005

distance to health center

0.95

0.77–1.17

0.299

1.04

1.03–1.05

< 0.001

1.00

0.97–1.03

0.435

  1. The multivariate logistic regression model evaluated potential risk factors of Plasmodium spp., Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax infections at two levels: gender, age and bednet use at the individual level (interview of surveyed individuals), distances to evergreen forest and to public health centers at the village level (spatial analysis). For the individual level, odds ratios (OR), 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) and p values are given for the tested versus the reference value of each variable. For the village level, odds ratios (OR), 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) and p values were calculated for increasing distances (in km).
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Malaria Journal

ISSN: 1475-2875

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