Table 4 Comparison of the effects of various neem-based products and their azadirachtin contents on various mosquito species.
Product description | Azadirachtin content | Mosquito species | Investigated effects | Recorded Potency | Larval Sages tested | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Neem oil formulation, An emulsified concentrate made from neem seed oil extracts | 0.03% azadirachtin content (32% neem oil) | An. gambiae | Larval mortality, IGR and inhibition of adult emergence | LC 50 of 10.68 ppm and EI 50 of 6.44 ppm | 3rd and 4th instars larvae and Adults | This article |
Neem Azal (Neem seed kernel powdered extract) | 34% Azadirachtin A and a total limonoids content of 57.6% | An. stephensi | Effects of blood feeding, oviposition, and oocyst ultrastructure | 10–1000 ppm treatments impair feeding, oogenesis and oviposition | Adults and oocyst | Lucantoni et al 2006 |
Neem Azal (Neem seed kernel powdered extract) | 40% Azadirachtin content | Ae. aegypti | Larval mortality, molting inhibition | Molting inhibition and larval mortality occurred at all instars | 2nd, 3rd and 4th instars larvae | Boschitz. And Grunewald 1994 |
Emulsifiable concentrates | Â | Cx. tarsalis | Antifeedancy | 5 ppm-10 ppm AZ induces antifeedancy | Adults | Su and Mulla 1998 |
   Neemix EC 4.5 | 0.0005%-0.001% | Cx. quinquefasciatus |  |  |  |  |
   Azad EC 4.5 | 5 ppm-10 ppm |  |  |  |  |  |
Azad WP 10: wettable Product Azad EC 4.5: Emulsifiable concentrate | 0.001% 10 ppm | Cx. tarsalis | Ovicidal | 0% hatching rate observed with Azad WP 10 and 46.7% hatching rate with Azad EC 4.5 | Eggs | Su and Mulla 1998 |
Water based pure neem oil emulsion | Not indicated | An. stephensi Cx. quinquefasciatus | Inhibition of Adult emergence | 0.1 ml/l of 5% of the neem oil caused 100% emergence inhibition | Imatures (aquatic stages) | Batra et al 1998 |
Water based pure neem oil emulsion | Not indicated | Ae. aegypti | Inhibition of Adult emergence | 0.4 ml/l of 5% of the neem oil caused 100% emergence inhibition | Imatures (aquatic stages) | Batra et al 1998 |
Pure neem oil made from seed extracts | Not indicated | Cx. quinquefasciatus Ae. aegypti | Larval mortality | 0.02–0.1% caused 100% larval mortality | 4th instar larvae | Sinniah et al 1994 |
Neem formulation (name in the original paper is in Arabic) | 0.6 ppm-1.9 pm 0.00006% – 0.00019% | Ochlerotatus japonicus Cx. pipiens pallens | Larval mortality and inhibition of adult emergence. | LC50 of 0.342 and 0.367 for Ochlerotatus japonicus and Culex pipiens pallens respectively. 1.9 ppm and 0.6 ppm solutions caused 99% and 75% emergence inhibition respectively | 4th Instar Larvae | Mikami and Yamashita 2004 |