Figure 3

Inbred/outbred fitness ratios (FR) of populations with a high α⁺-thalassemia frequency over ten generations. At the start of simulation, the frequency of α⁺-thalassemia is 0.5. The black lines are trends for the first, fifth and tenth generation. FR > 1 is seen in every generation for all 0 <F < 0.05. This graph demonstrates robustness of inbreeding elevation found at all levels of inbreeding which were observed in human field studies, i.e., 0 <F ≤ 0.045 [13, 14].