Evidence of increasing Leu-Phe knockdown resistance mutation in Anopheles gambiae from Niger following a nationwide long-lasting insecticide-treated nets implementation

Table 1 kdr-w allelic frequency in An. gambiae M forms by site and year.

	2005		2006		2007		overall
Sites	n	kdr freq (%)	n	kdr freq (%)	n	kdr freq (%)	n	kdr freq (%)
		[95% CI]		[95% CI]		[95% CI]		[95% CI]
Firgoune	47	0.00	17	0.00	29	10.34	93	3.23
		[0.0–3.8]		[0.0–10.3]		[3.9–21.2]		[1.2–6.9]
Garey	54	0.00	35	0.00	-		89	0.00
		[0.0–3.4]		[0.0–5.1]				[0.0–2.1]
Banizoumbou	55	0.00	52	2.88	26	7.69	133	2.63
		[0.0–3.3]		[0.6–8.2]		[2.1–18.5]		[1.1–5.3]
Zindarou	49	1.02	71	0.70	65	4.62	185	2.16
		[0.0–5.6]		[0.0–3.9]		[1.7–9.8]		[0.9–4.2]
Maichilmi	77	0.00	10	5.00	-		87	0.57
		[0.0–2.4]		[0.1–24.9]				[0.0–3.2]
Maikogo	86	0.58	19	7.89	34	8.82	139	3.60
		[0.0–3.2]		[1.7–21.4]		[3.3–18.2]		[1.7–6.5]
Fararatt	71	0.70	53	0.94	19	7.89	143	1.75
		[0.0–3.9]		[0.0–5.1]		[1.7–21.4]		[0.6–4.0]
Bermo	42	0.00	4	0.00	-		46	0.00
		[0.0–4.3]		[0.0–36.9]				[0.0–3.9]
Tchake	32	1.56	3	0.00	-		35	1.43
		[0.0–8.4]		[0.0–45.9]				[0.0–7.7]
Falenko	13	0.00	-		-		13	0.00
		[0.0–13.2]						[0.0–13.2]
Damagaram	6	8.33	5	10.00	-		11	9.09
		[0.2–38.5]		[0.3–44.5]				[1.1–29.2]
Guidimouni	3	0.00	1	50.00	4	87.50	8	50.00
		[0.0–15.9]		[1.3–98.7]		[47.3–99.7]		[24.6–75.3]
Total	537	0.47	272	2.02	177	9.04	986	2.43
		[0.2–1.1]		[1.0–3.6]		[6.3–12.5]		[1.8–3.2]

Six out of 12 villages were analysed in 2007. The study sites are presented following their longitudinal position, from West to East. Two sites (Goudoumaria and Bosso) where too few An. gambiae s.s. were found are not shown. n: specimens sample size. Kdr freq: kdr-w allelic frequency (percentage). 95% CI: 95% Confidence Interval

ISSN: 1475-2875