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Table 3 Associations between infections with different Plasmodium species as observed by different diagnostic techniques.

From: High sensitivity detection of Plasmodium species reveals positive correlations between infections of different species, shifts in age distribution and reduced local variation in Papua New Guinea

 

Light microscopy

LDR – FMA

OR1

CL95

P-value

OR1

CL95

P-value

Overall

      

Pf vs Pv

0.69

[0.53,0.90]

0.004

1.12

[0.96,1.34]

0.145

Pf vs Pm

0.25

[0.11,0.49]

< 0.001

3.14

[2.39,4.15]

< 0.001

Pf vs Po

--

  

2.00

[1.33,3.07]

< 0.001

Pv vs Pm

0.37

[0.13,0.84]

0.014

1.49

[1.17,1.89]

< 0.001

Pv vs Po

--

  

2.00

[1.39,2.98]

< 0.001

Pm vs Po

--

  

2.47

[1.56,3.81]

< 0.001

Children < 10 yrs

      

Pf vs Pv

0.71

[0.52,0.97]

0.034

1.04

[0.81,1.34]

0.761

Pf vs Pm

0.41

[0.17,1.00]

0.049

6.78

[3.63,12.67]

< 0.001

Pf vs Po

--

  

2.50

[1.29,4.82]

0.006

Pv vs Pm

0.41

[0.14,1.17]

0.096

1.09

[0.70,1.70]

0.713

Pv vs Po

--

  

1.97

[1.07,3.63]

0.029

Pm vs Po

--

  

6.19

[3.18,12.05]

< 0.001

Adolescents & adults > = 10 yrs

      

Pf vs Pv

0.38

[0.22,0.65]

< 0.001

1.30

[1.04,1.63]

0.020

Pf vs Pm

0.17

[0.06,0.46]

0.001

2.37

[1.76,3.21]

< 0.001

Pf vs Po

--

  

1.74

[1.06,2.87]

0.030

Pv vs Pm

0.35

[0.08,1.44]

0.145

1.96

[1.49,2.59]

< 0.001

Pv vs Po

--

  

2.15

[1.35,3.42]

0.001

Pm vs Po

--

  

1.51

[0.66,2.62]

0.150

  1. 1 OR: Odd-ratio. OR < 1 indicated negative, OR > 1 a positive association, CL95: 95% confidence limit
  2. Pf = P. falciparum, Pv = P. vivax, Pm = P. malariae, Po = P. ovale