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Table 4 Mean and standard error (SE) obtained for the esterase, monooxygenase and GST assay on different Vietnamese populations of An. minimus s.l., An. epiroticus and An. subpictus.

From: Absence of knockdown resistance suggests metabolic resistance in the main malaria vectors of the Mekong region

Species

Study site and year

n

Esterase (PNPA)

(μmol/min/mg protein)

Monooxygenase

(nmol equivalent unit cyt P450/mg protein)

GST (CDNB)

(mmol/min/mg protein)

   

Mean

SE

p-value1

Mean

SE

p-value1

Mean

SE

p-value1

An. minimus s.s.

VHBA 2003

36

0.0615

0.0053

 

0.5877

0.0626

 

0.1324

0.0182

 
 

VHBA 2004

25

0.0484

0.0054

0.180

0.5337

0.0524

0.232

0.1409

0.0192

0.611

 

VHBB 2003

40

0.0693

0.0101

↓ 0.001

0.6036

0.0306

0.177

0.1296

0.0165

0.858

 

VHBB 2004

40

0.0585

0.0063

0.066

0.6317

0.0412

0.321

0.1208

0.0128

0.383

 

VTHA 2004

26

0.0565

0.0088

↓ 0.011

0.1771

0.0210

↓ 0.000

0.1534

0.0169

0.181

 

VLSA 2004

44

0.0969

0.0070

↑ 0.000

0.1551

0.0144

↓ 0.000

0.0970

0.0117

0.075

 

VQNA 2004

29

0.1071

0.0112

↑ 0.001

0.2749

0.0206

↓ 0.000

0.0744

0.0121

↓ 0.047

 

VQNB 2004

30

0.1081

0.0056

↑ 0.000

0.2749

0.0291

↓ 0.000

0.0829

0.0111

0.053

 

VNAB 2004

12

0.1486

0.0156

↑ 0.000

1.1702

0.1799

↑ 0.002

0.0590

0.0147

0.057

An. harrisoni

VSLA 2003

27

0.0602

0.0045

0.065

0.5916

0.0433

0.726

0.0492

0.0090

↓ 0.002

 

VSLB 2003

29

0.0607

0.0033

0.084

0.6277

0.0408

0.072

0.0637

0.0116

↓ 0.009

 

VLSB 2004

26

0.0418

0.0065

↓ 0.000

0.2865

0.0383

↓ 0.000

0.1567

0.0293

0.174

An. epiroticus

VKGA 2003

30

0.0773

0.0080

↑ 0.032

0.0916

0.0087

↓ 0.000

0.1172

0.0124

0.282

 

VHCA 04/2003

30

0.0953

0.0137

↑ 0.025

0.2257

0.0126

↓ 0.000

0.1691

0.0272

0.604

 

VHCB 2003

30

0.0898

0.0126

0.177

0.1861

0.0084

↓ 0.000

0.1618

0.0175

0.059

 

VBTA 2003

27

0.1304

0.0160

↑ 0.000

0.1532

0.0134

↓ 0.000

0.2163

0.0307

0.111

 

VBLB 2003

27

0.1082

0.0069

↑ 0.000

0.2131

0.0167

↓ 0.000

0.1391

0.0171

0.065

 

VHCA 10/2003

9

0.1956

0.0300

↑ 0.000

0.1295

0.0074

↓ 0.000

0.1036

0.0214

0.759

 

VBLA 2003

44

0.0955

0.0084

↑ 0.004

0.2015

0.0262

↓ 0.000

0.1249

0.0162

0.528

 

VBLA 2004

30

0.1008

0.0125

↑ 0.006

0.1823

0.0142

↓ 0.000

0.1053

0.0165

0.641

 

VBLB 2004

22

0.1199

0.0104

↑ 0.000

0.1670

0.0093

↓ 0.000

0.1321

0.0260

0.361

 

VBTB 2003

29

0.1247

0.0139

↑ 0.000

0.1793

0.0148

↓ 0.000

0.1409

0.0219

0.146

 

VCMA 2003

30

0.0754

0.0087

↑ 0.020

0.0952

0.0074

↓ 0.000

0.0906

0.0113

↓ 0.036

 

VCMB 2003

30

0.1344

0.0132

↑ 0.000

0.1454

0.0140

↓ 0.000

0.0970

0.0134

0.075

 

VCMC 2003

26

0.2494

0.0336

↑ 0.000

0.2981

0.0181

↓ 0.000

0.1492

0.0138

0.117

 

VCMD 2003

13

0.1703

0.0329

↑ 0.001

0.2793

0.0221

↓ 0.001

0.1700

0.0265

0.220

 

VKGS 2003

30

0.0867

0.0088

↑ 0.036

0.0936

0.0155

↓ 0.000

0.1308

0.0192

0.967

 

VLAA 2003

20

0.0919

0.0114

↑ 0.029

0.1419

0.0062

↓ 0.000

0.1534

0.0147

0.063

 

VLAB 2003

30

0.0714

0.0084

↑ 0.008

0.0839

0.0117

↓ 0.000

0.1105

0.0087

↓ 0.014

 

VSTA 2003

30

0.0940

0.0076

↑ 0.000

0.2040

0.0094

↓ 0.000

0.1292

0.0103

0.075

 

VTGA 2003

37

0.0822

0.0082

↑ 0.015

0.1135

0.0131

↓ 0.000

0.0732

0.0100

↓ 0.029

An. subpictus

VLAA 2003

30

0.0715

0.0080

0.130

0.2782

0.0353

↓ 0.000

0.2938

0.0305

↑ 0.001

 

VKGB 2003

17

0.1300

0.0213

↑ 0.003

0.1324

0.0123

↓ 0.000

0.3375

0.0248

↑ 0.000

  1. ↑ Mean rank of population is increased compared to the An. minimus s.s. population of VHBA.
  2. ↓ Mean rank of population is decreased compared to the An. minimus s.s. population of VHBA.
  3. 1 P values (Two-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov Z) indicating a significant increased level of esterase activity, GST activity or an elevated level of monooxygenase compared to the An. minimus s.s. population of VHBA are given in bold
  4. The esterase activity was measured with para-nitrophenyl acetate (PNPA), whereas the GST activity was measured with 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) as substrate.