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Table 5 Overview of the possible metabolic resistance mechanisms in relation to the mortality categories in the WHO bioassay as published in [5].

From: Absence of knockdown resistance suggests metabolic resistance in the main malaria vectors of the Mekong region

Species

Study site and year

BIOASSAYS (mortality categories)1

BIOCHEMICAL ASSAYS2

  

DDT 4%

permethrin 0.75%

Alpha-cypermethrin 0.082%

Lambda-cyhalothrin 0.05%

esterases

Mono-oxygenases

GST

An. minimus s.s.

VHBA, 2003

S

S

S

S

-

-

-

 

VHBA, 2004

S

S

S

S

NO

NO

NO

 

VHBB, 2003

S

S

S

S

NO

NO

NO

 

VHBB, 2004

S

S

S

S

NO

NO

NO

 

VTHA, 2004

S

S

S

PR

NO

NO

NO

 

VLSA, 2004

S

PR

PR

PR

YES

NO

NO

 

VQNA, 2004

S

PR

PR

R

YES

NO

NO

 

VQNB, 2004

S

PR

R

R

YES

NO

NO

 

VNAB, 2004

nd

Nd

PR

nd

YES

YES

NO

An. harrisoni

VSLA, 2003

PR

S

nd

S

NO

NO

NO

 

VSLB, 2003

S

S

nd

nd

NO

NO

NO

 

VLSB, 2004

nd

R

PR

PR

NO

NO

NO

An. epiroticus

VKGA, 2003

S

PR

R

R

YES

NO

NO

 

VHCA, 04/2003

S

PR

R

R

YES

NO

NO

 

VHCB, 2003

PR

PR

R

R

NO

NO

NO

 

VBTA, 2003

PR

PR

PR

PR

YES

NO

NO

 

VBLB, 2003

nd

PR

nd

R

YES

NO

NO

 

VHCA, 10/2003

PR

R

R

R

YES

NO

NO

 

VBLA, 2003

S

R

PR

PR

YES

NO

NO

 

VBLA, 2004

S

R

S

R

YES

NO

NO

 

VBLB, 2004

S

R

R

R

YES

NO

NO

 

VBTB, 2003

S

R

PR

R

YES

NO

NO

 

VCMA, 2003

S

R

R

PR

YES

NO

NO

 

VCMB, 2003

S

R

R

R

YES

NO

NO

 

VCMC, 2003

S

R

R

R

YES

NO

NO

 

VCMD, 2003

S

R

R

R

YES

NO

NO

 

VKGS, 2003

S

R

R

R

YES

NO

NO

 

VLAA, 2003

S

R

R

R

YES

NO

NO

 

VLAB, 2003

S

R

PR

R

YES

NO

NO

 

VSTA, 2003

S

R

PR

R

YES

NO

NO

 

VTGA, 2003

PR

R

nd

Nd

YES

NO

NO

An. subpictus

VLAA, 2003

PR

PR

PR

PR

NO

NO

YES

 

VKGB, 2003

PR

R

PR

R

YES

NO

YES

  1. 1Mortality categories
  2. S Susceptible (mortality > 98%)
  3. PR Possibility of resistance (mortality between 80–97%)
  4. R Resistant (mortality < 80%)
  5. Nd Not done
  6. 2YES: mean rank of population is significantly higher than mean rank of VHBA An. minimus s.s. population.
  7. NO: mean rank of population is not significant higher than mean rank of VHBA An. minimus s.s. population