Severe Plasmodium vivax malaria exhibits marked inflammatory imbalance

Malaria Journal

Table 2 Characterization of the patients with severe vivax malaria.

			Clinical presentation at admission		*P. vivax* diagnosis
Patient No.	Gender	Age (y)	Major manifestation	Secondary manifestation	Nested PCR	Microscopy	Outcome
1	M	15	Oliguria	Hypotension, splenomegaly	+	+	Recovered
2	M	17	Respiratory failure	Hypotension	+	+	Recovered
3	F	9	Respiratory failure	Hypotension	+	+	Died
4	M	21	Severe anaemia	Hypotension, splenomegaly	+	+	Recovered
5	M	22	Severe anaemia	Hypotension	+	+	Recovered
6	M	32	Anuric renal failure	Hypotension, splenomegaly	+	+	Died
7	F	41	Respiratory failure	Hypotension, Jaundice	+	+	Died
8	F	15	Severe anaemia	Splenomegaly	+	+	Recovered
9	M	15	Anuric renal failure	Hypotension, Jaundice	+	+	Died
10	M	17	Severe anaemia	Splenomegaly	+	+	Recovered
11	F	13	Jaundice	Splenomegaly	+	+	Recovered
12	F	26	Jaundice	Hypotension	+	+	Recovered
13	M	32	Respiratory failure	Hypotension	+	+	Recovered
14	F	27	Seizure	Jaundice	+	+	Recovered
15	M	42	Oliguria	Hypotension	+	+	Recovered
16	F	38	Jaundice	Hypotension	+	+	Recovered
17	F	54	Respiratory failure	Hypotension	+	+	Died
18	M	24	Severe anaemia	Hypotension	+	+	Recovered
19	M	22	Respiratory failure	Jaundice	+	+	Died

Data regarding major and secondary manifestations were obtained from medical records and/or through the clinical exam at the hospital admission. Oliguria was defined as estimated urinary output less than 400 mL/24 h and anuric renal failure as urinary output below 100 mL/24 h. Severe anaemia was defined as haemoglobin levels below 7 g/dL and jaundice by clinical exam and bilirubin levels above 2.0. Hypotension was defined as the presence of related symptoms with blood pressure below 100 × 40 mmHg. Respiratory failure was defined as tachypnea, shortness of breath, mental confusion clinical signs of hypoxaemia (central and/or peripheral cyanosis).

ISSN: 1475-2875