Figure 1

Associations between nutrient status and supernatant cytokine concentrations, and between malaria infection status of the child at the time of blood collection and supernatant cytokine concentrations, following 24 h of PBMC stimulation with Plasmodium falciparum -infected erythrocytes. N: normal concentrations; L: low concentrations (plasma concentrations of zinc and magnesium < 9.9 μmol/L and < 750 μmol/L, respectively); A: absence of iron deficiency anaemia; P: presence of iron deficiency anaemia (co-existing iron deficiency; plasma ferritin concentration < 12 μg/L and anaemia; haemoglobin concentration < 110 g/L). -ve: malaria negative; +ve: malaria positive. Percentages indicate paired group differences in supernatant cytokine concentrations, expressed as percentages relative to values observed in groups with normal plasma zinc or magnesium concentrations. P-values were obtained by assessing by multivariate analysis to what extent the proportional change in cytokine concentration that is associated with nutrient or malaria status.