Figure 3

Associations between supernatant concentrations of TNF- and IL-10 following 24 h stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells with Plasmodium falciparum -infected erythrocytes, by micronutrient and malaria status at the time of blood collection. Black blocks = zinc or magnesium replete, no iron deficiency anaemia or no malaria; open blocks = zinc and magnesium deficiency, iron deficiency anaemia or positive results for malaria tests at time of blood collection. P-values indicate probabilities of obtaining differences in associations between cytokine concentrations (as indicated by the slopes of the lines) as least as extreme as observed, assuming no differences.