Figure 1

Model processes and the types of heterogeneity. Blue arrow: Transmission heterogeneity affects an individual's availability to mosquitoes which is represented in the base model as an age-dependent function. Red arrows: Heterogeneity in the risk of co-morbidity affects the probability of a non-malaria illness or poor nutritional status which, in conjunction with an acute malaria episode, leads to either severe malaria or to an indirect death. In the base model, the risks of these two sets of co-morbidity are represented by two age-dependent functions. Green boxes: Treatment-seeking heterogeneity affects the probabilities that effective treatment is sought for either a fever or for a severe episode per five day time step. In the base model, these probabilities are represented by two constants.