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Table 1 Mutant genotypes associated with high levels of anti-folate resistance

From: Anti-folate drug resistance in Africa: meta-analysis of reported dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr) and dihydropteroate synthase (dhps) mutant genotype frequencies in African Plasmodium falciparum parasite populations

dhfr genotypes

Location

Reference

N51I/C59R/S108N

Asia, Africa

Reviewed in [17]

N51I/C59R/S108N/I164L

Asia, Africa

Reviewed in [17]; [88]

N51I/S108N/I164L

South America, Africa

[96]; [97]; [98]; [88]

C50R/N51I/S108N

South America

[96]

dhps genotypes

Location

Reference

A437G/K540E

Africa, Asia, Indonesia

Reviewed in [17]; [99]; [100]

S436A/A437G

Africa

[101]; [79]

A437G/A581G

South America

[102]

A437G/K540E/A581G

Asia, South America

[96]; [103]; [97]

S436A/A437G/K540E/A581G; S436A/A437G/K540E

Asia

[104]; [105]