Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics of children by site
Study site | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | All sites | Kisii | Homa Bay | |
n % | n (%) | n (%) | p | |
n = 1,362 | n = 685 | n = 677 | ||
Demographics | ||||
Child’s sex: Female | 652 (44.7) | 306 (44.7) | 346 (51.1) | 0.017 |
Age in years (Mean ± SD) (Median) | 35.4 ± 34 (34) | 3.1 ± 2.1 (2.9) | 2.8 ± 1.6 (2.8) | 0.012 |
Age (years) | <0.001 | |||
≤2 yr | 501 (36.8) | 256 (37.4) | 245 (36.2) | |
3-4 yr | 721 (53.0) | 335 (49.0) | 386 (57.1) | |
≥5 yr | 138 (10.1) | 93 (13.6) | 45 (6.7) | |
Uses water from unimproved sourcesi | 171 (12.6) | 26 (3.8) | 145 (21.4) | <0.001 |
Primary caregiver’s characteristics | ||||
Education | <0.001 | |||
College/university | 159 (11.7) | 101 (14.8) | 58 (8.6) | |
Secondary | 425 (31.2) | 273 (39.9) | 152 (22.5) | |
At most primary | 777 (57.1) | 310 (45.3) | 467 (69.0) | |
Monthly income | <0.001 | |||
≤$50 | 550 (40.4) | 189 (27.6) | 361 (53.3) | |
$50-100 | 495 (36.4) | 275 (40.2) | 220 (32.5) | |
>$100 | 316 (23.2) | 220 (32.2) | 96 (14.2) | |
Children’s clinical presentations | ||||
Malnutrition | ||||
MUAC < 12.5 | 40 (2.9) | 15 (2.2) | 25 (3.7) | 0.087 |
Wasting (WHZ < −2)ii | 193 (15.9) | 115 (19.5) | 78 (12.4) | 0.001 |
Stunted (HAZ < −2)ii | 181 (14.5) | 83 (13.6) | 98 (15.4) | 0.272 |
Underweight (WAZ < −2)iii | 127 (10.2) | 52 (8.5) | 75 (11.8) | 0.044 |
Temperature (°C) | <0.001 | |||
37.5-37.9 | 205 (15.1) | 138 (20.1) | 67 (9.9) | |
38.0-38.9 | 626 (46.0) | 308 (45.0) | 318 (47.0) | |
39.0-39.9 | 441 (32.4) | 202 (29.5) | 239 (35.3) | |
> = 40.0 | 90 (6.6) | 37 (5.4) | 53 (7.8) | |
High grade fever (>39°C) | 468 (34.4) | 206 (30.1) | 262 (38.7) | 0.001 |
≥IMCI danger sign(s) presentiv | 466 (34.2) | 110 (16.1) | 356 (52.6) | <0.001 |
Unable to drink/breastfeed | 198 | 14 | 184 | |
Vomits everything | 271 | 62 | 209 | |
Convulsions | 81 | 30 | 51 | |
Lethargic/unconscious | 113 | 43 | 70 | |
Past clinical history | ||||
Has had fever lasting ≥7 days | 263 (38.4) | 79 (11.8) | <0.001 | |
Sought healthcare elsewhere | 388 (28.5) | 232 (33.9) | 156 (23.0) | <0.001 |
Taken anti-malarials last 7 days | 192 (14.1) | 86 (12.6) | 106 (15.7) | 0.1000 |
Taken antibiotics last 7 days | 84 (6.2) | 52 (7.6) | 32 (4.7) | 0.024 |
Not received all age-appropriate vaccines | 324 (23.8) | 11 (11.8) | 243 (35.9%) | <0.001 |
Laboratory results | ||||
Mother HIV -infectedv | 151 (11.4) | 22 (3.3) | 129 (19.5) | <0.001 |
Child HIV-infectedvi | 39 (2.9) | 9 (1.3) | 30 (4.5) | 0.001 |
Malaria (smear or RDT) | 356 (26.1) | 46 (6.7) | 310 (45.8) | <0.001 |
Bacteraemia | 52 (3.8) | 27 (3.9) | 25 (3.7) | 0.811 |