Plasmodium vivax malaria at households: spatial clustering and risk factors in a low endemicity urban area of the northwestern Peruvian coast

Table 4 Risk factors for case-HHs

		Control HHs (N = 117)		Case HHs (N = 117)		Unadjusted		Adjusted ⁺
		%	n	%	n	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI
HH in malaria spatial cluster identified by Satscan
	No	74.4	87	70.9	83	1.0
	Yes	25.6	30	29.1	34	1.2	[0.7;2.1]
House distance to water drain
	>200 metres	67.5	79	47.0	55	1.0		1.0
	≤200 metres	32.5	38	53.0	62	2.3*	[1.4;4.0]	2.3*	[1.3;4.0]
HH size
	≤5 individuals	71.8	84	60.7	71	1.0		1.0
	>5 individuals	28.2	33	39.3	43	1.7°	[0.95;2.9]	1.8*	[1.0;3.2]
Main material in walls
	Concrete, brick	34.2	40	22.2	26	1.0
	Other material (wood, adobe, etc.)	65.8	77	77.8	91	1.8*	[1.0;3.3]
Main material in floor
	Cement or other fine finish	27.4	32	30.8	36	1.0
	Other material (soil, stone, etc.)	72.7	85	69.2	81	0.8	[0.5;1.5]
Potable water availability
	Permanent (every day, all day)	62.9	43	43.0	49	1.0		1.0
	Not permanent/ No availability	37.1	73	57.0	65	2.3*	[1.3;3.8]	1.8*	[1.1;3.2]
Bathroom connected to sewage system
	Yes	53.1	60	50.0	58	1.0
	No	46.9	53	50.0	58	1.1	[0.7;1.9]
Electricity available
	Yes	91.3	105	90.4	103	1.0
	No	8.7	10	9.7	11	1.1	[0.5;2.8]
Has domestic ^† or peridomestic animals ^∞
	No	94.7	108	82.5	94	1.0		1.0
	Yes	6.3	6	17.5	20	3.8*	[1.5;9.9]	3.6*	[1.3;9.5]
Bed net ownership
	None	39.3	46	26.5	31	1.0
	>2 individuals/bed net	35.9	42	39.3	46	1.6	[0.9;3.0]
	≤2 individuals/bed net	24.8	29	34.2	40	2.1*	[1.1;4.0]
Bed net use by head of HH
	Always	65.8	77	62.4	73	1.0
	Never/Sometimes	34.2	40	37.6	44	1.2	[0.7;1.9]
Any HH member with outdoor occupation the past year ^{^}
	No	88.0	103	84.6	99	1.0
	Yes	12.0	14	15.4	18	1.3	[0.6;2.8]

⁺Risk factors with p < = 0.2 were included in the multivariate logistic regression analysis.
*p < 0.05.
°p > 0.05 and <0.2.
^†Dogs, cats.
^∞fowl, pig.
^{^}Farmer, moto-taxi driver.

ISSN: 1475-2875