Table 1 Baseline characteristics of study participants

Gestation weeks at enrolment, mean (SD)

16.5 (2.12)

16.5 (2.23)

16.6 (2.24)

16.5 (2.20)

Age, years

23 (20–28)

24 (20–29)

24 (20–28)

24 (20–28)

Gravidity

-Primigravidae

64 (19.7%)

67 (19.2%)

68 (20.1%)

199 (19.8%)

-Secundigravidae

77 (23.7%)

64 (18.4%)

62 (18.3%)

202 (20.1%)

-Multigravidae

184 (56.6%)

214 (61.5%)

208 (61.5%)

606 (60.2%)

BMI, kg/m²;

21.5 (20.4-23.3)

21.6 (20.1-23.5)

21.7 (20.3- 23.7)

21.6 (20.3-23.5)

-BMI <18.5 kg/m², n (%)

18 (5.6%)

18 (5.3%)

21 (6.3%)

57 (5.7%)

MUAC (cm),

26.0 (24.7-27.5)

25.7 (24.2- 27.7)

26.1 (24.6- 27.8)

26.0 (24.5-27.7)

-MUAC < 23cm, n (%)

23 (7.1%)

21 (6.1%)

24 (7.1%)

68 (6.8%)

Malaria parasitaemia

- Microscopy

34 (10.5%)

36 (10.4%)

38 (11.3%)

108 (10.7%)

- PCR

81 (25.7%)

79 (23.4%)

86 (25.7%)

246 (24.9%)

- RDT

71 (21.8%)

83 (24.1%)

75 (22.5%)

229 (22.8%)

HIV infection, n (%)

47 (14.5%)

37 (10.7%)

46 (13.6%)

130 (13.0%)

Low Socioeconomic status, n (%)^a

184 (56.7%)

187 (53.9%)

189 (56.1%)

560 (55.9%)