Fig. 1

Prevalence of investigated mutations over time. Alterations of molecular markers with regard to the introduction of ACT in Jimma zone in 2006. No significant change in the pfcrt gene sequence was observed. The SERCA 431 K mutation dropped from 58.3 % in 2006 to 18.8 % in 2013 but the sample size was very low. Changes in the pfmdr 1 gene were remarkable. In 2006 the mutation at codon 86Y was dominant with 80.6 %. Mixed infections were taken together with wild type samples. The wild type alone was only detectable in 14.3 %. In 2009 and 2013, only 9.2 % and 1.2 % showed the mutation 86Y, respectively. The prevalence of pfmdr 1 84 F was high in 2009 and remained dominant. Data from 2004 are taken from reference 30