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Table 2 Summary of findings of meta-analyses of the association between specific house features and malaria

From: The evidence for improving housing to reduce malaria: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Comparison

Outcome

Study design

Total studies

Effect estimate

(95 % CI)

1 Modern versus traditional housing

1.1 Malaria infection

1.1.1 Case–control, cross-sectional and cohort studies (crude OR)

9

0.46 [0.33, 0.62]

1.1.2 Case–control, cross-sectional and cohort studies (adjusted OR)

5

0.53 [0.42, 0.67]

1.2 Clinical malaria

1.2.1 Case–control and cross-sectional studies (crude OR)

1

0.32 [0.19, 0.54]

1.2.2 Case–control and cross-sectional studies (adjusted OR)

1

0.35 [0.20, 0.62]

1.2.3 Cohort studies (crude RR)

3

0.22 [0.14, 0.35]

1.2.4 Cohort studies (adjusted RR)

3

0.55 [0.36, 0.84]

2 Screening1

2.1 Anaemia in children aged 0–11 years

2.1.1 Randomized controlled trials (adjusted OR)

1

0.52 [0.34, 0.80]

2.1.2 Case–control, cross-sectional and cohort studies (crude OR)

2

0.65 [0.33, 1.30]

2.1.3 Case–control, cross-sectional and cohort studies (adjusted OR)

1

0.56 [0.24, 1.27]

2.2 Malaria infection

2.2.1 Randomized controlled trials (adjusted OR)

1

0.95 [0.63, 1.43]

2.2.2 Case–control, cross-sectional and cohort studies (crude OR)

5

0.35 [0.13, 0.98]

2.2.3 Case–control, cross-sectional and cohort studies (adjusted OR)

2

0.93 [0.82, 1.05]

2.3 Clinical malaria

2.3.1 Case–control and cross-sectional studies (crude OR)

1

1.16 [0.82, 1.64]

2.3.2 Cohort studies (crude RR)

5

0.71 [0.49, 1.04]

2.3.3 Cohort studies (adjusted RR)

3

0.56 [0.46, 0.67]

3 Main wall material2

3.1 Anaemia in children aged 0–11 years

3.1.1 Case–control, cross-sectional and cohort studies (crude OR)

1

0.58 [0.33, 1.02]

3.1.2 Case–control, cross-sectional and cohort studies (adjusted OR)

1

0.57 [0.29, 1.12]

3.2 Malaria infection

3.2.1 Case–control, cross-sectional and cohort studies (crude OR)

12

0.57 [0.42, 0.78]

3.2.2 Case–control, cross-sectional and cohort studies (adjusted OR)

7

0.73 [0.62, 0.85]

3.3 Clinical malaria

3.3.1 Case–control and cross-sectional studies (crude OR)

7

0.63 [0.43, 0.93]

3.3.2 Case–control and cross-sectional studies (adjusted OR)

1

0.16 [0.06, 0.44]

3.3.3 Cohort studies (crude RR)

1

2.07 [1.18, 3.63]

3.3.4 Cohort studies (adjusted RR)

2

1.05 [0.48, 2.30]

4 Main roof material2

4.1 Anaemia in children aged 0–11 years

4.1.1 Case–control, cross-sectional and cohort studies (crude OR)

1

0.71 [0.45, 1.12]

4.2 Malaria infection

4.2.1 Case–control, cross-sectional and cohort studies (crude OR)

9

0.64 [0.48, 0.86]

4.2.2 Case–control, cross-sectional and cohort studies (adjusted OR)

6

0.83 [0.64, 1.08]

4.3 Clinical malaria

4.3.1 Case–control and cross-sectional studies (crude OR)

4

0.86 [0.48, 1.53]

4.3.2 Case–control and cross-sectional studies (adjusted OR)

1

0.30 [0.13, 0.66]

4.3.3 Cohort studies (crude RR)

2

0.59 [0.52, 0.67]

4.3.4 Cohort studies (adjusted RR)

3

0.79 [0.70, 0.88]

5 Main floor material2

5.1 Anaemia in children aged 0–11 years

5.1.1 Case–control, cross-sectional and cohort studies (crude OR)

1

0.78 [0.45, 1.34]

5.2 Malaria infection

5.2.1 Case–control, cross-sectional and cohort studies (crude OR)

1

1.20 [0.69, 2.09]

5.2.2 Case–control, cross-sectional and cohort studies (adjusted OR)

2

0.74 [0.57, 0.96]

5.3 Clinical malaria

5.3.1 Case–control and cross-sectional studies (crude OR)

1

0.19 [0.06, 0.57]

5.3.2 Cohort studies (adjusted RR)

1

0.81 [0.62, 1.06]

6 Eaves3

6.1 Malaria infection

6.1.1 Case–control, cross-sectional and cohort studies (crude OR)

4

0.70 [0.58, 0.84]

6.1.2 Case–control, cross-sectional and cohort studies (adjusted OR)

3

0.78 [0.70, 0.87]

6.2 Clinical malaria

6.2.1 Case–control and cross-sectional studies (crude OR)

5

0.76 [0.55, 1.07]

6.2.2 Case–control and cross-sectional studies (adjusted OR)

1

0.53 [0.36, 0.80]

6.2.3 Cohort studies (crude RR)

1

0.75 [0.50, 1.12]

6.2.4 Cohort studies (adjusted RR)

2

0.71 [0.46, 1.11]

7 Ceiling4

7.1 Clinical malaria

7.1.1 Case–control and cross-sectional studies (crude OR)

3

0.68 [0.56, 0.83]

7.1.2 Case–control and cross-sectional studies (adjusted OR)

1

0.65 [0.46, 0.93]

8 Elevation5

8.1 Malaria infection

8.1.1 Case–control and cross-sectional studies (crude OR)

1

1.00 [1.00, 1.00]

  1. 1Screened versus unscreened; 2 Modern versus traditional main wall, roof and floor material: traditional homes were considered to have mud walls, a thatched roof and earth floors in sub-Saharan Africa (except in areas of high rainfall including Equatorial Guinea, where the basic wall material is typically concrete or wood [18]); mud or stone walls, a thatched, wood or mud roof and earth floors in North Africa; wood or bamboo walls, a thatched roof and wooden (stilted) floors in Southeast Asia; mud or wood walls, a thatched roof and earth or wooden (stilted) floors in South Asia; adobe or mud and wood walls, a thatched roof and earth floors in South America. 3 Closed versus open eaves; 4 Presence versus absence of a ceiling; 5 Elevated versus non-elevated houses
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Malaria Journal

ISSN: 1475-2875

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