Sudan | Kenya | Cameroon | Benin | India | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Study locations | El Hoosh and Hag Abdalla (Gezira State); Galabat (Gedarif State); New Halfa (Kassala State) | Districts of Teso, Rachuonyo, Nyando and Bondo (Western Kenya) | Districts of Garoua, Pitoa and Mayo Oulo (North Region) | Districts of Ifangni, Sakété, Pobé and Kétou (Departement de Plateau) | Subdistrict of Keshkal (Kondagaon, Chhattisgarh) |
Predominant malaria vectors | An. arabiensis | An. gambiae s.s., An. arabiensis and An funestus | An arabiensis, An. gambiae s.s. and An funestus | An. gambiae s.s. | An. culicifacies |
Vector control Interventions | High coverage of LLINs (PermaNet 2.0) in all study clusters. In each study area half of clusters randomly allocated to receive additionally IRS with bendiocarbb, balanced by baseline kdr frequencies | High coverage of LLINs (PermaNet 2.0 and Olyset Net) in all clusters. Rachuonyo and Nyando received IRS with deltamethrin and lambda-cyhalothrin in 2012, but no IRS was carried out subsequently | High coverage of LLINs (PermaNet 2.0) in all clusters | High coverage of LLINs (primarily Olyset Net) in all clusters | High coverage of LLINs (PermaNet 2.0) in all clusters. Half of clusters randomly allocated to receive additionally IRS with bendiocarb |
Baseline insecticide resistance (cluster-specific range) | Kdr frequency by cluster ranged from 8.3 to 70.8% (2010); WHO Bioassay mortality to deltamethrin in sentinel clusters ranged from 47 to 100% (2011) | Kdr frequency by cluster not available at baseline (2011); WHO Bioassay mortality to deltamethrin ranged from 1 to 100% (2011) | Kdr frequency by cluster ranged from 9 to 65% (2011) WHO Bioassay mortality to deltamethrin ranged from 43 to 100% (2012) | Kdr frequency by cluster ranged from 44 to 93% (2011) WHO Bioassay mortality to deltamethrin ranged from 20 to 100% (2011) | WHO Bioassay mortality to deltamethrin ranged from 86 to 100%; WHO Bioassay mortality to bendiocarb ranged from ranged from 27 to 98% |
PfPR 2–10 Endemcity classa | Low | High | High | High | Low |