Table 4 Multivariate risk factors analysis for anaemia, under-nutrition parameters and malaria parasitaemia

Malaria parasitaemia (Positive)

3.857 (2.208–6.740), <0.0001

Presence of anaemia (yes)

1.857 (1.093–3.155), 0.022

3.898 (2.297–6.615), <0.0001

Presence of stunting (yes)

1.428 (0.960–2.126), 0.079

0.046 (0.024–0.088), <0.0001

20.412 (12.304–33.862), <0.0001

Presence of wasting (yes)

0.055 (0.030–0.098), <0.0001

59.139 (32.506–107.594), <0.0001

Presence of under weight (yes)

1.979 (1.240–3.158), 0.004

20.256 (12.464–32.921), <0.0001

60.71 (31.994–115.197), <0.0001

Sex

 Male

1.444 (1.061–1.966), 0.019

Fever (Yes)

1.331 (1.070–1.656), 0.010

Is HH in an economic group? (Yes)

0.758 (0.618–0.931), 0.008

Was IRS done in HH (Yes)

0.471(0.222–0.997), 0.049

0.589 (0.397–0.873), 0.008

Does the HH owns ≥1 bednet (Yes)

0.551 (0.338–0.899), 0.017

Study participant age group

 6–11

–

–

 12–23

0.522 (0.297–0.916), 0.023

1.262 (0.697–2.283), 0.443

1.989 (0.766–5.169), 0.158

 24–35

0.405 (0.227–0.721), 0.002

1.849 (1.031–3.316), 0.039

3.157 (1.259–7.920), 0.014

 36–47

0.340 (0.181–0.639), 0.001

2.124 (1.159–3.894), 0.015

3.528 (3.1384–8.992), 0.008

 48–60

0.257 (0.135–0.490), <0.0001

2.123 (1.169–3.855), 0.013

3.699 (1.479–9.251), 0.005

HH SES level

 Low

 Middle

0.588 (0.373–0.928), 0.022

0.793 (0.415–1.516), 0.483

 High

0.568 (0.352–0.916), 0.020

0.372 (0.152–0.906), 0.029

Does HH have a closed water source (Yes)

1.465 (0.969–2.214), 0.070

0.620 (0.377–1.018), 0.059

House wall material (Bricks and stones vs. wood/mud/tent)

0.615 (0.370–1.024), 0.061

House floor material (cement/concrete vs. mud/earth/dung)

0.447 (0.276–0.723), 0.001

Highest HoH education level (None vs. any)

0.633 (0.404–0.990), 0.045