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Table 2 In vitro median inhibitory concentrations (IC50) against Plasmodium falciparum strains, toxicity to murine macrophages (IC50) and selectivity indices (SI) of plant extracts

From: In vitro and in vivo anti-malarial activity of plants from the Brazilian Amazon

Plant species

Part

Extract

P. falciparum a

IC50, µg/mL ± SDb

Macrophages

IC50, µg/mL (95 % CI)

SIc

Anacardium occidentale

Bark

CHCl3

36.6 ± 17.7

I

>200

>5.5

EtOH

>50

I

–

–

H2O(i)

>50

I

–

–

Leaf

CHCl3

43.9 ± 10.8

I

>200

>4.6

EtOH

>50

I

–

–

H2O(i)

45.0 ± 5.0

I

>200

>4.4

Andropogon leucostachyus

Aerial part

CHCl3

>50

I

–

–

H2O(d)

45.4 ± 0.4

I

>200

>4.4

MeOH

7.1 ± 3.3

A

>200

>28.2

Clidemia bullosa

Leaf

CHCl3

>50

I

–

–

H2O(d)

26.2 ± 3.1

I

>200

>7.6

MeOH

>50

I

–

–

Branch

CHCl3

13.5 ± 2.7

MA

>200

>14.8

H2O(d)

21.2 ± 4.0

MA

–

–

MeOH

>50

I

–

–

Croton cajucara (white variety-WV)

Bark

CHCl3

29.1 ± 6.3

I

43.1 (27.4–67.8)

1.5

EtOH

17.2 ± 6.6

MA

127 (49.8–321)

7.4

H2O(i)

>50

I

–

–

Leaf

CHCl3

11.3 ± 3.4

MA

>200

>17.7

EtOH

16.3 ± 4.5

MA

>200

>12.3

H2O(i)

>50

I

–

–

Croton cajucara (red variety-RV)

Bark

CHCl3

32.2 ± 5.7

I

>200

>6.2

EtOH

>50

I

–

–

H2O(i)

>50

I

–

–

Leaf

CHCl3

6.4 ± 1.2

A

40.6 (32.6–50.6)

6.3

EtOH

13.3 ± 2.3

MA

>200

>15.0

H2O(i)

>50

I

–

–

Derris floribunda

Bark

CHCl3

>50

I

–

–

H2O(i)

>50

I

–

–

MeOH

>50

I

–

–

Leaf

CHCl3

47.4 ± 1.6

I

>200

>4.2

H2O(i)

27.5 ± 7.5

I

–

–

MeOH

>50

I

–

–

Miconia nervosa

Bark

CHCl3

13.3 ± 2.0

MA

46.6 (43.1–50.4)

3.5

H2O(d)

>50

I

–

–

MeOH

>50

I

–

–

Leaf

CHCl3

12.4 ± 4.1

MA

70.6 (62.7–79.7)

5.7

H2O(d)

10.2 ± 2.5

MA

>200

>19.6

MeOH

9.9 ± 3.2

A

95.9 (71.0–130)

9.7

Parkia nitida

Bark

CHCl3

>50

I

–

–

H2O(d)

>50

I

–

–

MeOH

>50

I

–

–

Leaf

CHCl3

>50

I

–

–

H2O(d)

>50

I

–

–

MeOH

>50

I

–

–

Paullinia cupana

Leaf

CHCl3

>50

I

–

–

H2O(i)

>50

I

–

–

MeOH

>50

I

–

–

Fruit

CHCl3

19.3 ± 6.4

MA

>200

>10.4

H2O(i)

>50

I

–

–

MeOH

>50

I

–

–

Branch

CHCl3

19.3 ± 5.5

MA

62.9 (53.9–73.4)

3.3

H2O(i)

>50

I

–

–

MeOH

>50

I

–

–

Stigmaphyllon sinuatum

Leaf

CHCl3

>50

I

–

–

EtOH

>50

I

–

–

H2O(i)

>50

I

–

–

Xylopia amazonica

Leaf

CHCl3

7.3 ± 1.8

A

33.9 (29.6–38.9)

4.6

H2O(d)

10.5 ± 3.3

MA

>200

>19.0

EtOH

>50

I

–

–

Branch

CHCl3

19.5 ± 3.1

MA

29.2 (19.6–43.5)

1.5

H2O(d)

>50

I

–

–

EtOH

9.8 ± 1.8

A

6.9 (0.4–12.1)

0.7

Zanthoxylum djalma-batistae

Leaf

CHCl3

40.2 ± 3.2

I

>200

>5.0

H2O(i)

15.6 ± 2.9

MA

>200

>12.8

MeOH

>50

I

–

–

Branch

CHCl3

17.4 ± 1.3

MA

24.7 (18.6–32.9)

1.4

H2O(i)

32.5 ± 7.9

I

>200

>6.2

MeOH

21.8 ± 3.7

I

>200

>9.2

Controls

DMSO

–

I

–

–

Chloroquine diphosphate

0.23 ± 0.03

A

–

–

 

Doxorubicin

–

–

0.63 (0.59–0.68)

–

  1. EtOH ethanol, MeOH methanol, H 2 O(i) infusion, H 2 O(d) decoction, SD standard deviation, 95 % CI 95 % confidence interval,  – not evaluated, not determined
  2. aAll extracts were screened at 50 and 5 mg/mL against P. falciparum K1 strain using optical microscopy in three separate experiments. Accurate IC50 values were determined using seven concentrations of extract against P. falciparum W2 strain using the HRP2-ELISA method
  3. bAntiplasmodial effect based on IC50: A active (IC50 ≤ 10 µg/mL), MA moderately active (10 < IC50 ≤ 25 μg/mL) and I inactive (IC50 > 25 μg/mL)
  4. cSI = IC50(murine macrophages)/IC50(P. falciparum)
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Malaria Journal

ISSN: 1475-2875

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