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Table 1 General characteristics on admission

From: Acute kidney injury in imported Plasmodium falciparum malaria

 

AKI

n = 39

No AKI

n = 446

P value

Demographic findings

   

Age (years)

47 (26–70)

39 (4–78)

<0.001

Male gender

27 (69)

325 (73)

0.708

Ethnicity

  

0.078

 Caucasian

24 (62)

189 (42)

0.028

 African

11 (28)

218 (49)

0.018

 Asian

2 (5)

14 (3)

0.374

 Other

2 (5)

22 (5)

1.000

Adequate prophylaxis use

0 (0)

42 (9)

0.052

Symptoms ≥8 days

16 (41)

111 (25)

0.055

Immunity

  

0.038

 Non-immune

28 (74)

218 (53)

0.007

 Partially immune

10 (26)

188 (45)

0.060

 Semi-immune

0 (0)

9 (2)

1.000

Nephrotoxic co-medication*

5 (20)

24 (5)

0.073

Clinical findings

Temperature (°C)

38.5 (1.3)

38.4 (1.3)

0.852^

Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

114 (21.3)

123 (18.3)

0.017^

Pulse rate (beats/min)

104 (20.1)

94 (17.3)

0.003^

Glasgow Coma Scale

15 (5–15)

15 (9–15)

<0.001

Laboratory findings

Haemoglobin (mmol/L)

8.1 (1.8)

8.3 (1.3)

0.929^

Leucocytes (×109/L)

7.5 (3.2)

5.2 (2.0)

<0.001^

Thrombocytes (×109/L)

29 (2–188)

91(3–385)

<0.001

CRP (mg/L)

185 (16–476)

91 (1–363)

<0.001

Creatinine (µmol/L)

166 (77–1081)

93 (39–175)

<0.001

Urea (mmol/L)

13.8 (4.1–55.8)

5.0 (1.5–33.6)

<0.001

Sodium (mmol/L)

131 (6.2)

135 (4.0)

<0.001^

Potassium (mmol/L)

3.7 (0.6)

3.8 (0.4)

0.422^

Bilirubin total (µmol/L)

52 (10–416)

22 (3–304)

<0.001

ASAT (U/L)

96 (9–394)

32 (9–326)

<0.001

ALAT (U/L)

68 (12–655)

36 (3–265)

<0.001

LDH (U/L)

488 (127–2297)

268 (103–1833)

<0.001

Lactate (mmol/L)

3.0 (1.0–6.2)

1.4 (0–5.5)

<0.001

Parasitaemia (parasites/µL)

128,000 (240–1,380,600)

8400 (2–784,000)

<0.001

Concomitant bacterial infection

5 (13)

9 (2)

0.003

Treatment

  

<0.001

 Quinine iv

19 (49)

54 (12)

<0.001

 Artesunate iv

13 (33)

27 (6)

<0.001

 Atovaquone/proguanil

4 (10)

279 (63)

<0.001

 Halofantrine

1 (3)

54 (12)

0.108

 Artemether/lumefantrine

0 (0)

4 (1)

1.000

 Unknown

2 (5)

28 (6)

1.000

Outcome

   

 Severe malaria (WHO 2014)

29 (74)

32 (11)

<0.001

 Renal replacement therapy

8 (21)

0 (0)

<0.001

 Death

2 (5)

0 (0)

0.006

  1. P values <0.05 are considered significant
  2. * Self-reported use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), ACE-inhibitors, diuretics or lithium
  3. ^ Normally distributed continuous variables, given as mean (SD) with P values derived from t tests. All other continuous variables are not normally distributed and given as median (range) with P values derived from Mann–Whitney U tests. Nominal variables are given as number (percentage)