Table 3 Risk factors for non-falciparum malaria infections overall at first ANC attendance

Country

 Ghana

[Reference]

–

[Reference]

–

 Burkina Faso

0.74 (0.22, 2.46)

0.627

0.53 (0.14, 2.03)

0.353

 Gambia

0.08 (0.01, 0.69)

0.021

0.10 (0.01, 0.88)

0.038

 Mali

2.52 (1.01, 6.28)

0.047

6.54 (1.79, 23.9)

0.005

Gravidity

 Primigravid

[Reference]

–

[Reference]

–

 Secundigravid

0.85 (0.42, 1.69)

0.639

0.71 (0.33, 1.54)

0.386

Gestational age

 <20 weeks

[Reference]

–

[Reference]

–

 20–24 weeks

1.51 (0.70, 3.23)

0.290

1.92 (0.85, 4.31)

0.115

 25–30 weeks

0.57 (0.12, 2.64)

0.469

0.60 (0.12, 2.90)

0.521

Age

 Under 18 years

[Reference]

–

[Reference]

–

 18–20 years

2.98 (0.86, 10.3)

0.084

3.77 (1.03, 13.8)

0.045

 21–24 years

1.38 (0.32, 5.83)

0.665

2.14 (0.43, 10.6)

0.351

 25 years +

1.75 (0.36, 8.41)

0.484

2.54 (0.45, 14.3)

0.290

Education level

 1-none

[Reference]

–

[Reference]

–

 2-basic

0.92 (0.43, 1.96)

0.833

0.96 (0.41, 2.22)

0.924

 3-secondary

0.27 (0.06, 1.23)

0.092

0.27 (0.05, 1.32)

0.106

 4-tertiary

1.36 (0.17, 11.2)

0.774

3.73 (0.35, 40.2)

0.277

Season enrolled

 Early wet (6–8)

[Reference]

–

[Reference]

–

 Late wet(9–11)

5.59 (2.10, 14.9)

0.001

7.10 (2.56, 19.7)

<0.001

 Early dry (12–2)

2.84 (0.97, 8.27)

0.056

2.54 (0.84, 7.67)

0.098

 Late dry(3–5)

1.76 (0.66, 4.69)

0.260

1.85 (0.68, 5.04)

0.228

SES

 1-wealthiest

[Reference]

–

[Reference]

–

 2-wealthy

2.14 (0.85, 5.34)

0.105

1.82 (0.68, 4.83)

0.230

 3-medium

1.07 (0.21, 5.33)

0.935

0.96 (0.18, 5.02)

0.963

 4-poor

6.30 (1.83, 21.7)

0.004

6.48 (1.68, 25.0)

0.007

 5-poorest

5.89 (1.35, 25.7)

0.018

6.55 (1.27, 33.7)

0.024