Table 1 Bivariate and multivariate multilevel analysis of the association between Plasmodium infection (assessed by RDT) and demographic and epidemiological variables, South-Eastern Madagascar, 2012
From: Multiple causes of an unexpected malaria outbreak in a high-transmission area in Madagascar
Variable | N (% RDT positive) | Bivariate | Multivariate | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Crude OR [95 % CI] | p | Adjusted OR [95 % CI] | p | ||
Bed net use | |||||
Every night | 1009 (22.6) | 0.49 (0.33–0.72) | <0.001 | 0.51 (0.32–0.82) | 0.005 |
Irregular | 225 (32.0) | 0.84 (0.60–1.19) | 0.331 | 0.95 (0.62–1.43) | 0.791 |
Never | 297 (31.0) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Age group | |||||
0–5 years | 410 (32.9) | 5.15 (2.38–11.15) | <0.001 | 5.51 (2.48–12.26) | <0.001 |
6–14 years | 395 (39.2) | 7.42 (3.52–15.65) | <0.001 | 7.73 (3.58–16.68) | <0.001 |
15–49 years | 594 (15.7) | 2.21 (1.06–4.63) | 0.036 | 2.32 (1.09–4.96) | 0.029 |
≥50 years | 132 (6.8) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Sex | |||||
Male | 630 (28.1) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Female | 901 (23.9) | 0.79 (0.62–1.01) | 0.064 | 0.97 (0.73–1.30) | 0.862 |
Travel history | |||||
None | 1179 (27.0) | 1.00 | |||
≤10 km | 217 (24.0) | 0.77 (0.48–1.23) | 0.271 | ||
11–50 km | 103 (16.5) | 0.65 (0.37–1.14) | 0.131 | ||
>50 km | 32 (15.6) | 0.69 (0.25–1.91) | 0.472 | ||
Socio-economic tercile | |||||
First (poorest) | 566 (32.2) | 1.74 (1.31–2.30) | <0.001 | 1.54 (1.13–2.08) | 0.006 |
Second | 459 (27.0) | 1.48 (1.01–2.15) | 0.043 | 1.46 (0.99–2.15) | 0.058 |
Third (wealthiest) | 506 (17.0) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Area type | |||||
Rural | 1311 (29.0) | 8.59 (6.45–11.44) | <0.001 | 6.25 (4.46–8.76) | <0.001 |
Suburban | 153 (5.9) | 1.26 (0.67–2.40) | 0.475 | 1.15 (0.59–2.23) | 0.677 |
Urban | 67 (4.5) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
ACT shortages last 6 months | |||||
No (4 sites) | 272 (21.0) | 1.00 | |||
Yes (14 sites) | 1131 (27.9) | 1.46 (0.70–3.06) | 0.313 | ||
Unknown (2 sites) | 128 (14.8) | 0.79 (0.22–2.78) | 0.711 | ||