Table 2 Review of results of RCD studies as detected in medical literature and results from India, September 2015

Country, region

Zambia, Choma and Namwala district

Zambia, Chongwe district

Senegal, Richard Toll District

Swaziland (national data)

Thailand, Bo Rai district

India, Chennai, Tamil Nadu

India, Nadiad, Gujarat

Time period

Jun–Aug 2009 Dry season

Jun 12–Jun 13 All seasons

High transmission season 2012

Dec 09–Jun 12 All seasons

July 2011

Jan 14–Jan 15. All seasons

Mar 14–Sep 14. All seasons

Malaria transmission

Seasonal transmission, Pf_6–59m 7.9 % Central province

(MIS 2008)

Seasonal transmission, Pf_6–59m 0.0 % Lusaka Province (MIS 2012)

Seasonal transmission, Pf_6–59m 0.7 % North Region (DHS 2012–2013)

Seasonal transmission, all age groups: 0.07 % (MIS 2010)

Low and seasonal

Low and seasonal

Low and seasonal

Main species

P. falciparum

P. falciparum

P. falciparum

P. falciparum

P. vivax + P. falciparum

P. vivax + P. falciparum

P. vivax + P. falciparum

Cases

4 Rural clinics

1 Clinic

13 Clinics

Health facilities in Swaziland

1 Hospital

1 Urban clinic

1 Urban clinic

Trigger and malaria test

Case (RDT) in clinic

Case (RDT and microscopy) in clinic

Case in clinic (test not reported)

Locally acquired cases or imported cases if local ecology is able to support transmission (test not reported)

1 case in hospital (tests not reported)

Case in clinic (microscopy)

Spatial extent

Homestead of index case. Fever was not a criterion

All household members. Fever was not a criterion

Index case compound and 5 neighbouring compounds. Fever was not a criterion

Index case household and neighbouring households within 1-km radius

Neighbours within 1 km of index case, fever was not a criterion

All household members of the index case, persons with a history of fever and a sample of persons without fever in proximal (same apartment block) and distal households (within 0.2 km)

Time line response per protocol

Within 2 weeks

Not reported

Within 3 days of case

Not reported

Not reported

Household within 1–7 days, proximal and distal: within 14 days

Time line response in reality

No information

No information

No information

48.6 % screened within 1 week, 87.3 % screened within 14 days. Range 0–90 days

After 2 weeks

Household members: 91.6 % screened within one week. Others: 64.8 % within 2 weeks. Range: 0–32 days

Household members: 84.4 % screened within one week. Others: 93.9 % within 2 weeks. Range: 2–28 days

No of Index cases

1 (Pf and Pv)

18 (3 Pf, 15 Pv)

20 (1 Pf, 19 Pv)

 <5 years (%)

Not reported

185 (43.4 %)

1 (0.9)

Not reported (mean 25.9 years)

Not reported

0 (0 %)

1 (5.0 %)

Male (%)

Not reported

228 (53.5 %)

90 (81.8 %)

151 (61.1)

Not reported

13 (72.2 %)

14 (70.0 %)

No of contacts screened

 <5 years (%)

46 (24.7 %)^a

Not reported

1021 (18.5 %)

163 (4.4 %)

Not reported

44 (5.1 %)

2 (1.5 %)

 Male (%)

86 (46.2 %)

Not reported

2782 (50.4 %)

2168 (59.1 %)

Not reported

342 (39.4 %)

53 (40.5 %)

Average contacts/case

8 (range 3–19)

4 (range 0–13)

50 (range not reported)

15 (range 1–157)

48 (range 13–74)

7 (range 2–13)

Positive among contacts

RDT: 5/185 (2.7 %). PCR: 7/186 (3.4 %)

RDT: 735/1621 (45.3 %)

RDT: 23/5520 (0.4 %)

RDT: 74/3671 (2.0 %)

Microscopy: 1/126 (0.8 %, Pf). PCR: 2/126 (1.6 %, 1 Pf, 1 Pv)

Microscopy and PCR: 4/868 (0.5 %, 3 Pv, 1Pf)

Microscopy and PCR: 0/131 (0.0 %)

Average number of index cases needed to be traced to find one new case^b

Not applicable

Average number of contacts needed to be screened to find a new case^c

126 (microscopy in duplicate)

63 (PCR)