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Table 1 Bi- and multivariate analyses of risk factors for developing a clinical malaria episode, including bed net use, in multivariate analyses, in zones targeted for LLIN distribution excluding the Southern transmission pattern (826 cases, 7192 controls, 29 communes)

From: Effectiveness of malaria control interventions in Madagascar: a nationwide case–control survey

Variable

Category

N cases (%)

N controls (%)

Bivariate

Multivariate

Crude OR [95 %CI]

p

Adjusted OR [95 %CI]

p

Every night bed net use

LLIN

326 (39.5)

3959 (55.0)

0.47 [0.27–0.80]

0.005

0.49 [0.29–0.84]

0.009

NIBN

84 (10.2)

857 (11.9)

0.62 [0.40–0.95]

0.029

0.63 [0.42–0.94]

0.023

None

416 (50.4)

2376 (33.0)

1.00

 

1.00

 

Age group

0–1 year

56 (6.8)

302 (4.2)

3.42 [1.53–7.64]

0.003

3.29 [1.45–7.48]

0.004

2–4 years

113 (13.7)

771 (10.7)

2.93 [1.66–5.17]

<0.001

2.72 [1.51–4.90]

<0.001

5–9 years

175 (21.2)

1228 (17.1)

2.70 [1.79–4.06]

<0.001

2.44 [1.63–3.65]

<0.001

10–15 years

169 (20.5)

1051 (14.6)

2.97 [2.12–4.14]

<0.001

2.57 [1.85–3.58]

<0.001

15–19 years

122 (14.8)

762 (10.6)

3.01 [1.93–4.69]

<0.001

2.49 [1.66–3.75]

<0.001

20–39 years

137 (16.6)

1784 (24.8)

1.67 [0.98–2.87]

0.061

1.57 [0.93–2.65]

0.088

≥40 years

54 (6.5)

1294 (18.0)

1.00

 

1.00

 

Sex

Male

447 (54.1)

3114 (43.3)

1.00

 

1.00

 

Female

379 (45.9)

4078 (56.7)

0.64 [0.53–0.78]

<0.001

0.74 [0.62–0.87]

<0.001

Transmission pattern

East

252 (30.5)

2194 (30.5)

1.10 [0.16–7.55]

0.923

1.90 [0.24–15.13]

0.542

Fringe

58 (7.0)

670 (9.3)

1.00

 

1.00

 

West

516 (62.5)

4328 (60.2)

1.41 [0.27–7.44]

0.686

1.46 [0.22–9.60]

0.696