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Table 2 Factors other than malaria exposure during pregnancy associated with infant growth or morbidity

From: Timing of malaria in pregnancy and impact on infant growth and morbidity: a cohort study in Uganda

Variable

Weight growth

Height growth

Malariaa

Diarrhoeaa

Acute respiratory infectiona

Mother ageb

0.01 (−0.01 to 0.03)

0.00 (−0.08 to 0.07)

0.97 (0.89–1.07)

0.98 (0.94–1.03)

0.98 (0.95–1.01)

Mother education levelc

     

 Primary

0.01 (−0.25 to 0.28)

1.50 (0.51 to 2.49)

2.34 (0.53–10.39)

1.10 (0.63–1.93)

1.77 (1.16–2.77)

 ≥Secondary

0.21 (−0.07 to 0.49)

2.01 (0.97 to 3.04)

1.97 (0.41–9.54)

0.83 (0.45–1.52)

1.53 (0.98–2.39)

Residence aread

−0.05 (−0.20 to 0.11)

0.27 (−0.34 to 0.88)

1.31 (0.59–2.90)

0.79 (0.55–1.14)

1.21 (0.95–1.54)

Mother HIV status

−0.22 (−0.45 to 0.02)

−0.60 (−1.49 to 0.30)

2.06 (0.54–7.82)

1.62 (1.00–2.62)

0.86 (0.60–1.24)

Paritye

0.14 (−0.05 to 0.32)

0.18 (−0.54 to 0.90)

0.83 (0.34–2.14)

0.96 (0.63–1.69)

0.76 (0.57–1.00)

Mode of deliveryf

0.33 (0.11 to 0.55)

−0.13 (−1.00 to 0.74)

1.63 (0.53–5.05)

1.04 (0.58–1.85)

1.02 (0.71–1.36)

Average time with net during pregnancyg

0.09 (−0.13 to 0.31)

0.25 (−0.66 to 1.16)

0.87 (0.30–2.47)

0.83 (0.52–1.34)

0.98 (0.71–1.36)

Duration of breastfeedingh

−0.18 (−0.52 to 0.16)

−0.68 (−1.96 to 0.60)

1.00 (0.95–1.05)

1.01 (0.98–1.03)

0.99 (0.97–1.00)

Child sex

−0.53 (−0.68 to −0.38)

−1.47 (−2.06 to −0.88)

3.69 (1.47–9.29)

1.10 (0.77–1.56)

0.82 (0.65–1.03)

Pre-term delivery

−0.05 (−0.35 to 0.26)

1.75 (0.52 to 2.97)

0.96 (0.22–4.17)

0.75 (0.33–1.72)

0.72 (0.43–1.21)

Small for gestational age

−0.16 (−0.35 to 0.03)

−0.07 (−0.81 to 0.66)

0.53 (0.15–1.78)

1.85 (1.25–2.74)

1.10 (0.82–1.47)

Seasoni

–

–

0.78 (0.37–1.69)

1.16 (0.80–1.68)

0.95 (0.75–1.20)

  1. aRelative risk with 95 % confidence interval
  2. bPer 10 years (centered)
  3. c≥Secondary level or primary level versus no education
  4. dCompared to mother living in town
  5. ePrimipare versus multipare
  6. fC section versus vaginal delivery
  7. gWeeks
  8. hWeeks
  9. iRainy versus dry season